Tests describing transformation effects on coordinates using rules: translation (x,y)→(x+h,y+k), reflection (negate appropriate coordinate), rotation (formula based on angle), dilation (multiply by scale factor). Each transformation has coordinate rule: translation by (h,k) adds to coordinates (x,y)→(x+h,y+k), reflection over y-axis negates x (x,y)→(-x,y), over x-axis negates y (x,y)→(x,-y), rotation 90° CCW about origin uses (x,y)→(-y,x), dilation scale k from origin multiplies both (x,y)→(kx,ky). Apply rule to all vertices getting image figure. For example, triangle A(1,2),B(3,2),C(2,4) translated by (4,3): apply (x,y)→(x+4,y+3) getting A'(5,5),B'(7,5),C'(6,7), or reflection over y-axis: (x,y)→(-x,y) giving A'(-1,2),B'(-3,2),C'(-2,4). In this case, the translation by (4,3) uses the rule (x,y)→(x+4,y+3), which matches choice C. A common error is sign wrong in translation, like writing (x+4,y+3) as (x-4,y-3) or mixing the values like (x+3,y+4). Applying rule: (1) identify transformation type and parameters, (2) write coordinate rule ((x,y)→...), (3) apply to each vertex (substitute coordinates, calculate image), (4) verify reasonable (translation shifts, reflection flips, rotation turns, dilation resizes). Memorize common rules: translation adds (h,k), x-axis reflection (x,-y), y-axis reflection (-x,y), 90° CCW rotation (-y,x), 180° rotation (-x,-y), dilation scale k is (kx,ky). Mistakes: sign errors (most common: wrong sign on translation or reflection), coordinate order (rotation formulas must be exact: (-y,x) not (y,-x)), forgetting to apply to all coordinates (does x but not y).

This question tests describing transformation effects on coordinates using rules: translation (x,y)→(x+h,y+k), reflection (negate appropriate coordinate), rotation (formula based on angle), dilation (multiply by scale factor). Each transformation has a coordinate rule: translation by (h,k) adds to coordinates (x,y)→(x+h,y+k), reflection over y-axis negates x (x,y)→(-x,y), over x-axis negates y (x,y)→(x,-y), rotation 90° CCW about origin uses (x,y)→(-y,x), dilation scale k from origin multiplies both (x,y)→(kx,ky); apply the rule to all vertices to get the image figure. For example, point B(2,1) reflected over y=x: apply (x,y)→(y,x) getting B'(1,2), or over y-axis would be (-2,1). In this case, the reflection over y=x correctly applies (x,y)→(y,x) to transform B(2,1) to B'(1,2). A common error might be using the wrong reflection rule, such as (-x,y) instead of (y,x) for y=x, or swapping incorrectly to (2,-1). To apply the rule: (1) identify the transformation type and parameters, (2) write the coordinate rule ((x,y)→...), (3) apply to each vertex (substitute coordinates, calculate image), (4) verify it looks reasonable (translation shifts, reflection flips, rotation turns, dilation resizes). Memorize common rules: translation adds (h,k), x-axis reflection (x,-y), y-axis reflection (-x,y), 90° CCW rotation (-y,x), 180° rotation (-x,-y), dilation scale k is (kx,ky); mistakes include sign errors (most common: wrong sign on translation or reflection), coordinate order (rotation formulas must be exact: (-y,x) not (y,-x)), or forgetting to apply to all coordinates (does x but not y).

Tests describing transformation effects on coordinates using rules: translation (x,y)→(x+h,y+k), reflection (negate appropriate coordinate), rotation (formula based on angle), dilation (multiply by scale factor). Each transformation has coordinate rule: translation by (h,k) adds to coordinates (x,y)→(x+h,y+k), reflection over y-axis negates x (x,y)→(-x,y), over x-axis negates y (x,y)→(x,-y), rotation 90° CCW about origin uses (x,y)→(-y,x), dilation scale k from origin multiplies both (x,y)→(kx,ky). Apply rule to all vertices getting image figure. For example, triangle A(1,2),B(3,2),C(2,4) translated by (4,3): apply (x,y)→(x+4,y+3) getting A'(5,5),B'(7,5),C'(6,7), or reflection over y-axis: (x,y)→(-x,y) giving A'(-1,2),B'(-3,2),C'(-2,4). In this case, the 180° rotation uses the rule (x,y)→(-x,-y), which matches choice B. A common error is rotation formula wrong, like confusing 180° with 90° as (-y,x) instead of (-x,-y). Applying rule: (1) identify transformation type and parameters, (2) write coordinate rule ((x,y)→...), (3) apply to each vertex (substitute coordinates, calculate image), (4) verify reasonable (translation shifts, reflection flips, rotation turns, dilation resizes). Memorize common rules: translation adds (h,k), x-axis reflection (x,-y), y-axis reflection (-x,y), 90° CCW rotation (-y,x), 180° rotation (-x,-y), dilation scale k is (kx,ky). Mistakes: sign errors (most common: wrong sign on translation or reflection), coordinate order (rotation formulas must be exact: (-y,x) not (y,-x)), forgetting to apply to all coordinates (does x but not y).

Tests describing transformation effects on coordinates using rules: translation (x,y)→(x+h,y+k), reflection (negate appropriate coordinate), rotation (formula based on angle), dilation (multiply by scale factor). Each transformation has coordinate rule: translation by (h,k) adds to coordinates (x,y)→(x+h,y+k), reflection over y-axis negates x (x,y)→(-x,y), over x-axis negates y (x,y)→(x,-y), rotation 90° CCW about origin uses (x,y)→(-y,x), dilation scale k from origin multiplies both (x,y)→(kx,ky). Apply rule to all vertices getting image figure. For example, triangle A(1,2),B(3,2),C(2,4) translated by (4,3): apply (x,y)→(x+4,y+3) getting A'(5,5),B'(7,5),C'(6,7), or reflection over y-axis: (x,y)→(-x,y) giving A'(-1,2),B'(-3,2),C'(-2,4). In this case, dilating F(1,3) by scale factor 2 gives F'(2,6) using (x,y)→(2x,2y), which matches choice A. A common error is dilation as addition, like writing (2x,2y) as (x+2,y+2). Applying rule: (1) identify transformation type and parameters, (2) write coordinate rule ((x,y)→...), (3) apply to each vertex (substitute coordinates, calculate image), (4) verify reasonable (translation shifts, reflection flips, rotation turns, dilation resizes). Memorize common rules: translation adds (h,k), x-axis reflection (x,-y), y-axis reflection (-x,y), 90° CCW rotation (-y,x), 180° rotation (-x,-y), dilation scale k is (kx,ky). Mistakes: sign errors (most common: wrong sign on translation or reflection), coordinate order (rotation formulas must be exact: (-y,x) not (y,-x)), forgetting to apply to all coordinates (does x but not y).

Tests describing transformation effects on coordinates using rules: translation (x,y)→(x+h,y+k), reflection (negate appropriate coordinate), rotation (formula based on angle), dilation (multiply by scale factor). Each transformation has coordinate rule: translation by (h,k) adds to coordinates (x,y)→(x+h,y+k), reflection over y-axis negates x (x,y)→(-x,y), over x-axis negates y (x,y)→(x,-y), rotation 90° CCW about origin uses (x,y)→(-y,x), dilation scale k from origin multiplies both (x,y)→(kx,ky). Apply rule to all vertices getting image figure. For example, triangle A(1,2),B(3,2),C(2,4) translated by (4,3): apply (x,y)→(x+4,y+3) getting A'(5,5),B'(7,5),C'(6,7), or reflection over y-axis: (x,y)→(-x,y) giving A'(-1,2),B'(-3,2),C'(-2,4). In this case, reflecting C(5,2) over the y-axis gives C'(-5,2) using (x,y)→(-x,y), which matches choice B. A common error is wrong coordinate negated, like negating y instead of x for y-axis reflection, resulting in (5,-2). Applying rule: (1) identify transformation type and parameters, (2) write coordinate rule ((x,y)→...), (3) apply to each vertex (substitute coordinates, calculate image), (4) verify reasonable (translation shifts, reflection flips, rotation turns, dilation resizes). Memorize common rules: translation adds (h,k), x-axis reflection (x,-y), y-axis reflection (-x,y), 90° CCW rotation (-y,x), 180° rotation (-x,-y), dilation scale k is (kx,ky). Mistakes: sign errors (most common: wrong sign on translation or reflection), coordinate order (rotation formulas must be exact: (-y,x) not (y,-x)), forgetting to apply to all coordinates (does x but not y).

This question tests describing transformation effects on coordinates using rules: translation (x,y)→(x+h,y+k), reflection (negate appropriate coordinate), rotation (formula based on angle), dilation (multiply by scale factor). Each transformation has a coordinate rule: translation by (h,k) adds to coordinates (x,y)→(x+h,y+k), reflection over y-axis negates x (x,y)→(-x,y), over x-axis negates y (x,y)→(x,-y), rotation 90° CCW about origin uses (x,y)→(-y,x), dilation scale k from origin multiplies both (x,y)→(kx,ky); apply the rule to all vertices to get the image figure. For example, point R(6,-1) rotated 180°: apply (x,y)→(-x,-y) getting R'(-6,1), or 90° CCW would be (1,6). In this case, the 180° rotation correctly applies (x,y)→(-x,-y) to transform R(6,-1) to R'(-6,1). A common error might be using the wrong rotation formula, such as (-y,x) for 180° instead of (-x,-y), or miscalculating signs to (6,1). To apply the rule: (1) identify the transformation type and parameters, (2) write the coordinate rule ((x,y)→...), (3) apply to each vertex (substitute coordinates, calculate image), (4) verify it looks reasonable (translation shifts, reflection flips, rotation turns, dilation resizes). Memorize common rules: translation adds (h,k), x-axis reflection (x,-y), y-axis reflection (-x,y), 90° CCW rotation (-y,x), 180° rotation (-x,-y), dilation scale k is (kx,ky); mistakes include sign errors (most common: wrong sign on translation or reflection), coordinate order (rotation formulas must be exact: (-y,x) not (y,-x)), or forgetting to apply to all coordinates (does x but not y).

This question tests describing transformation effects on coordinates using rules: translation (x,y)→(x+h,y+k), reflection (negate appropriate coordinate), rotation (formula based on angle), dilation (multiply by scale factor). Each transformation has a coordinate rule: translation by (h,k) adds to coordinates (x,y)→(x+h,y+k), reflection over y-axis negates x (x,y)→(-x,y), over x-axis negates y (x,y)→(x,-y), rotation 90° CCW about origin uses (x,y)→(-y,x), dilation scale k from origin multiplies both (x,y)→(kx,ky); apply the rule to all vertices to get the image figure. For example, square W(1,-2) translated to W'(-2,2): the change is -3 in x and +4 in y, so (x-3,y+4), applied to others confirms. In this case, the translation correctly applies the rule (x,y)→(x-3,y+4) to produce W'(-2,2), X'(0,2), Y'(0,4), and Z'(-2,4). A common error might be reversing the signs, such as (x+4,y-3) instead of (x-3,y+4), or miscalculating the vector as (x+3,y-4). To apply the rule: (1) identify the transformation type and parameters, (2) write the coordinate rule ((x,y)→...), (3) apply to each vertex (substitute coordinates, calculate image), (4) verify it looks reasonable (translation shifts, reflection flips, rotation turns, dilation resizes). Memorize common rules: translation adds (h,k), x-axis reflection (x,-y), y-axis reflection (-x,y), 90° CCW rotation (-y,x), 180° rotation (-x,-y), dilation scale k is (kx,ky); mistakes include sign errors (most common: wrong sign on translation or reflection), coordinate order (rotation formulas must be exact: (-y,x) not (y,-x)), or forgetting to apply to all coordinates (does x but not y).

This question tests describing transformation effects on coordinates using rules: translation (x,y)→(x+h,y+k), reflection (negate appropriate coordinate), rotation (formula based on angle), dilation (multiply by scale factor). Each transformation has a coordinate rule: translation by (h,k) adds to coordinates (x,y)→(x+h,y+k), reflection over y-axis negates x (x,y)→(-x,y), over x-axis negates y (x,y)→(x,-y), rotation 90° CCW about origin uses (x,y)→(-y,x), dilation scale k from origin multiplies both (x,y)→(kx,ky); apply the rule to all vertices to get the image figure. For example, point Q(-4,5) reflected over the x-axis: apply (x,y)→(x,-y) getting Q'(-4,-5), or over y-axis would be (4,5). In this case, the x-axis reflection correctly applies (x,y)→(x,-y) to transform Q(-4,5) to Q'(-4,-5). A common error might be negating the wrong coordinate, such as using (-x,y) for x-axis instead of (x,-y), or flipping signs incorrectly to (4,5). To apply the rule: (1) identify the transformation type and parameters, (2) write the coordinate rule ((x,y)→...), (3) apply to each vertex (substitute coordinates, calculate image), (4) verify it looks reasonable (translation shifts, reflection flips, rotation turns, dilation resizes). Memorize common rules: translation adds (h,k), x-axis reflection (x,-y), y-axis reflection (-x,y), 90° CCW rotation (-y,x), 180° rotation (-x,-y), dilation scale k is (kx,ky); mistakes include sign errors (most common: wrong sign on translation or reflection), coordinate order (rotation formulas must be exact: (-y,x) not (y,-x)), or forgetting to apply to all coordinates (does x but not y).

Tests describing transformation effects on coordinates using rules: translation (x,y)→(x+h,y+k), reflection (negate appropriate coordinate), rotation (formula based on angle), dilation (multiply by scale factor). Each transformation has coordinate rule: translation by (h,k) adds to coordinates (x,y)→(x+h,y+k), reflection over y-axis negates x (x,y)→(-x,y), over x-axis negates y (x,y)→(x,-y), rotation 90° CCW about origin uses (x,y)→(-y,x), dilation scale k from origin multiplies both (x,y)→(kx,ky). Apply rule to all vertices getting image figure. For example, triangle A(1,2),B(3,2),C(2,4) translated by (4,3): apply (x,y)→(x+4,y+3) getting A'(5,5),B'(7,5),C'(6,7), or reflection over y-axis: (x,y)→(-x,y) giving A'(-1,2),B'(-3,2),C'(-2,4). For this rotation, apply (x,y)→(-y,x) to P(3,2), yielding P'(-2,3). Common errors include using the wrong rotation formula, such as (y,-x) for 90° clockwise instead of (-y,x) for counterclockwise. To apply: (1) identify transformation type and parameters, (2) write coordinate rule ((x,y)→(-y,x)), (3) apply to the point (substitute coordinates, calculate image), (4) verify reasonable (rotation turns the point 90° counterclockwise). Memorize common rules: translation adds (h,k), x-axis reflection (x,-y), y-axis reflection (-x,y), 90° CCW rotation (-y,x), 180° rotation (-x,-y), dilation scale k is (kx,ky).

Tests describing transformation effects on coordinates using rules: translation (x,y)→(x+h,y+k), reflection (negate appropriate coordinate), rotation (formula based on angle), dilation (multiply by scale factor). Each transformation has coordinate rule: translation by (h,k) adds to coordinates (x,y)→(x+h,y+k), reflection over y-axis negates x (x,y)→(-x,y), over x-axis negates y (x,y)→(x,-y), rotation 90° CCW about origin uses (x,y)→(-y,x), dilation scale k from origin multiplies both (x,y)→(kx,ky). Apply rule to all vertices getting image figure. For example, triangle A(1,2),B(3,2),C(2,4) translated by (4,3): apply (x,y)→(x+4,y+3) getting A'(5,5),B'(7,5),C'(6,7), or reflection over y-axis: (x,y)→(-x,y) giving A'(-1,2),B'(-3,2),C'(-2,4). In this case, the translation by (4,3) uses the rule (x,y)→(x+4,y+3), which correctly maps the vertices to their images. A common error is using the wrong sign in translation, such as (x+4,y-3) instead of (x+4,y+3), or confusing it with reflection by negating coordinates. To apply the rule: (1) identify transformation type and parameters, (2) write coordinate rule ((x,y)→(x+4,y+3)), (3) apply to each vertex (substitute coordinates, calculate image), (4) verify reasonable (translation shifts the figure right 4 and up 3 units). Memorize common rules: translation adds (h,k), x-axis reflection (x,-y), y-axis reflection (-x,y), 90° CCW rotation (-y,x), 180° rotation (-x,-y), dilation scale k is (kx,ky).