Rulers - Ancient History: Egypt

The Ptolemaic Kingdom ruled Egypt from 305 BCE until 30 BCE, during the rule of Hellenistic culture in Egypt. The Ptolemaic Kingdom was founded by one of Alexander the Great’s most successful generals, Ptolemy I Soter. The Ptolemaic Kingdom assimilated well into Egyptian society, but still had to contend with several rebellions.

The 31st Dynasty was established by the Persian Emperor Artaxerxes III in 343 BCE. It began when Artaxerxes III led the Persian reconquest of Egypt and declared himself Pharaoh. It came to an end less than two decades later with the conquests of Alexander the Great.

Cleopatra was the last ruler of the Ptolemaic (Greek) Kingdom in Egypt. She ruled Egypt in the first century BCE, and was defeated by the Roman Empire. Her defeat brought to an end the rule of the Pharaohs in Egypt and began the prolonged period of Roman occupation.

Amenemhat I became ruler of Egypt, along with his wife Neferitatjenen, in 1991 BCE and ruled until he was assassinated in 1962 BCE.

Mentuhotep I is generally credited with reunifying Egypt under the Eleventh Dynasty, and thus beginning the Middle Kingdom period of ancient Egyptian history. Mentuhotep I ruled over Upper Egypt from his capital city of Thebes during the waning years of the First Intermediate Period. He is usually credited with leading the conquest of the Heracleopolis Egyptians and reuniting Egypt.

Senusret III was one of the most powerful and significant ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty in ancient Egypt. He ruled from approximately 1878 to 1840 BCE, during the height of the power of the Middle Kingdom. Senusret III carried out many successful military campaigns and expanded Egyptian influence deep into Nubia.

Amenemhat I was the first ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty. He ruled in the 20th century BCE and his reign marks the beginning of a period of relative prosperity in Egyptian history - called the Golden Age of the Middle Kingdom.

The Theban Pharaoh Mentuhotep II of the Eleventh Dynasty initiated the Middle Kingdom and reunified Egypt after the turmoil of the First Intermediate Period by finally ending the civil war between Thebes and Heracleopolis with a military expedition that was met with little resistance. Thereafter, he centralized powers towards himself and away from the nomarchs by establishing a force of bureaucrats who supervised the nomarchs and ensured that acted not as sovereign rulers but rather as governors who implemented the will of the Pharaoh. Amenemhat II, Senusret III, Queen Sobokneferu and Amenemhat IV were all Pharaohs of the Twelfth Dynasty, also of the Middle Kingdom.

The founder of the Middle Kingdom was Mentuhotep II. This pharaoh conquered the last dynasty of the Old Kingdom. He is also credited with reunifying upper and lower Egypt.

The Ptolemaic Kingdom ruled Egypt from 305 BCE until 30 BCE, during the rule of Hellenistic culture in Egypt. The Ptolemaic Kingdom was founded by one of Alexander the Great’s most successful generals, Ptolemy I Soter. The Ptolemaic Kingdom assimilated well into Egyptian society, but still had to contend with several rebellions.

The 31st Dynasty was established by the Persian Emperor Artaxerxes III in 343 BCE. It began when Artaxerxes III led the Persian reconquest of Egypt and declared himself Pharaoh. It came to an end less than two decades later with the conquests of Alexander the Great.

Cleopatra was the last ruler of the Ptolemaic (Greek) Kingdom in Egypt. She ruled Egypt in the first century BCE, and was defeated by the Roman Empire. Her defeat brought to an end the rule of the Pharaohs in Egypt and began the prolonged period of Roman occupation.

The Third Intermediate Period begins with the fall of the New Kingdom in the eleventh century BCE. It was a period of time when Egypt was ruled by a series of foreign conquerors. First, the Libyans ruled Egypt during the twenty-second and twenty-third dynasties, and then the Nubians ruled Egypt during the twenty-fourth dynasty.

The Third Intermediate Period begins with the fall of the New Kingdom in the eleventh century BCE. It was a period of time when Egypt was ruled by a series of foreign conquerors. First, the Libyans ruled Egypt during the twenty-second and twenty-third dynasties, and then the Nubians ruled Egypt during the twenty-fourth dynasty.

Amenhotep III is one of the most famous rulers of the New Kingdom. He presided over a period of relative prosperity and wealth in the Egyptian Kingdom. His reign is remembered for artistic accomplishments and cultural brilliance.

Thutmose III is one of the most famous rulers of Egypt during the New Kingdom period. He ruled for more than half a century (for twenty-two years with his mother, Hatshepsut, as co-regent). He is often recognized as Egypt’s most accomplished military leader and led dozens of successful campaigns against Egypt’s neighbors.

Ozymandias is the Greek name given to the Egyptian Pharaoh Ramasses II. Ramasses II was one of the most celebrated Pharaohs in ancient Egypt and throughout the world during antiquity, and he continues to be one of the most well-known Egyptian rulers to this day. He is often regarded as the most powerful ruler of ancient Egypt. Ramasses II led successful military campaigns against the Hittites, the Nubians, and the Sea-Peoples.

The first female Pharaoh in Egyptian history was Hatshepsut. Hatshepsut ruled during the New Kingdom period of Egyptian history and is one of the most esteemed rulers in Egyptian history. Hatshepsut has a generally positive reputation because peace, trade, and prosperity flourished during her rule.

The Eighteenth Dynasty is probably the most famous ruling dynasty in the entirety of ancient Egyptian history. All of these rulers were notable Pharaohs during the Eighteenth Dynasty, except Ramasses II who was the most famous ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty.

The Eighteenth Dynasty was the first ruling dynasty of the New Kingdom. It was one of the most powerful dynasties in Egyptian history, presiding over a period of prolonged territorial expansion and centralization of power. It is also one of the most famous ruling dynasties and includes the rules of many of Egypt’s most notable Pharaohs, such as Hatshepsut, Amenhotep III and IV, and Tutankhamun.