Biotechnology - AP Biology

The process of making identical copies of a gene. Inserts genes into vectors for replication in host organisms.

DNA polymerase. Heat-stable enzyme that synthesizes DNA during thermal cycling.

A vector used to express a gene in host cells. Contains regulatory sequences that control gene transcription in hosts.

To indicate the presence of a gene of interest. Produces detectable signals when the target gene is successfully expressed.

To determine the order of nucleotides. Reads DNA bases sequentially to determine genetic sequence information.

Escherichia coli. Fast-growing bacterium with well-characterized genetics and transformation methods.

The application of computing to biological data. Combines computer science with molecular biology for data analysis.

Gel electrophoresis of DNA fragments. Produces unique banding patterns based on individual genetic variation.

To study gene function by gene inactivation. Gene disruption reveals protein functions through observable phenotypes.

A sequence that reads the same forward and backward. Recognition sites for restriction enzymes that cut DNA symmetrically.

To measure gene expression levels. Contains thousands of gene probes to analyze expression patterns simultaneously.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Uses antibody-antigen interactions to detect and quantify proteins.

A genome editing tool. Uses guide RNA and Cas9 nuclease for precise DNA modifications.

To cultivate organisms for product synthesis. Controlled vessels that optimize conditions for cell growth and production.

Identifies cells with the desired DNA. Confers resistance to antibiotics, allowing selection of transformed cells.

To identify individuals with a specific genotype. Systematic analysis to find organisms carrying specific genetic variants.

An organism with a gene that has been inactivated. Created by deleting or disrupting specific genes to study function.

To detect specific proteins. Proteins are transferred to membrane and detected with specific antibodies.

Acts as a vector to transfer genetic material. Self-replicating circular DNA that can carry foreign genes into cells.

To estimate the size of DNA fragments. Known molecular weight standards for comparing unknown fragment sizes.

The study of whole genomes. Examines complete DNA sequences and genetic organization.

The treatment of disease by modifying genes. Introduces functional genes to correct genetic disorders.

To detect specific DNA sequences. DNA is transferred to membrane and probed with labeled sequences.

The study of chemical processes involving metabolites. Analyzes small molecules produced by cellular metabolic pathways.

To study RNA sequences. RNA is transferred to membrane and hybridized with specific probes.

The study of chemical processes involving metabolites. Analyzes small molecules produced by cellular metabolic pathways.

To detect specific DNA sequences. DNA is transferred to membrane and probed with labeled sequences.

Acts as a vector to transfer genetic material. Self-replicating circular DNA that can carry foreign genes into cells.

Converts RNA into DNA. Essential for creating cDNA libraries from mRNA templates.