Cell Communication - AP Biology

Direct contact, paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, synaptic. Five main categories based on distance and method.

Programmed cell death. Controlled cellular suicide mechanism.

Programmed cell death. Controlled cellular suicide mechanism.

Interactions between different signaling pathways. Integration of multiple signaling networks.

Organize groups of signaling pathway components. Coordinate multiple proteins in signaling complexes.

Decreased response to a signal over time. Prevents overstimulation through receptor adaptation.

Enzymes that phosphorylate proteins, altering their activity. Add phosphate groups to modify protein function.

Cell-surface receptors. For hydrophilic ligands that cannot cross membranes.

The ability of cells to respond to specific signals. Ensures appropriate responses to correct signals.

Cells respond to signals they release themselves. Self-regulation through local feedback loops.

Hormones released into the bloodstream affect distant cells. Long-distance communication via circulatory system.

Transmit signals from ligands to activate G proteins. Major receptor class using conformational changes.

Somatic recombination. Process creating antibody and T-cell diversity.

Regulates cell processes such as growth and differentiation. Key pathway controlling cell fate decisions.

Cleaves PIP2 to produce IP3 and DAG, second messengers. Generates two important lipid messengers simultaneously.

Acts as a signaling molecule causing vasodilation. Short-lived gas molecule affecting blood vessels.

Eliminate damaged or unnecessary cells. Maintains tissue health and prevents cancer.

Intracellular receptors. Bind hydrophobic ligands that pass through membranes.

Caspases. Proteases that execute cell death pathways.

End product of a pathway inhibits an upstream step. Prevents overproduction and maintains homeostasis.

Transfer phosphate groups to tyrosine residues on proteins. Catalyze phosphorylation for signal transduction.

Signal is converted to a form that can bring about a response. Signal conversion through molecular cascades.

Converts ATP to cAMP, a second messenger. Enzyme producing the universal second messenger.

Strengthening of a signal as it is transduced in a pathway. One signal triggers multiple downstream effects.

Sequence of molecular events converting a signal to a response. Converts extracellular signals into cellular responses.

Neurotransmitters. Chemical messengers across synapses.

A molecule that binds to a receptor to initiate a signal. Acts as a chemical key for receptor binding.

Reception, transduction, response. Sequential steps from signal detection to cellular response.

Open or close in response to ligand binding. Allow rapid ion flux across membranes.