Cellular Energy - AP Biology
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Which phase of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm?
Which phase of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm?
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Glycolysis. First stage breaks down glucose without oxygen.
Glycolysis. First stage breaks down glucose without oxygen.
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Which organelle is primarily involved in energy production?
Which organelle is primarily involved in energy production?
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Mitochondrion. Known as the powerhouse of the cell.
Mitochondrion. Known as the powerhouse of the cell.
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What is the main energy currency of the cell?
What is the main energy currency of the cell?
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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate). Stores and releases energy through phosphate bonds.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate). Stores and releases energy through phosphate bonds.
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What is the purpose of fermentation in cells?
What is the purpose of fermentation in cells?
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Regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis. Allows glycolysis to continue when oxygen is unavailable.
Regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis. Allows glycolysis to continue when oxygen is unavailable.
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How many ATP are produced from one molecule of glucose in cellular respiration?
How many ATP are produced from one molecule of glucose in cellular respiration?
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Approximately 30-32 ATP. Complete oxidation yields maximum ATP from glucose.
Approximately 30-32 ATP. Complete oxidation yields maximum ATP from glucose.
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Which enzyme synthesizes ATP in the electron transport chain?
Which enzyme synthesizes ATP in the electron transport chain?
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ATP synthase. Uses proton gradient to drive ATP production.
ATP synthase. Uses proton gradient to drive ATP production.
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What is the primary function of the light-dependent reactions?
What is the primary function of the light-dependent reactions?
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To produce ATP and NADPH. Energy carriers needed for the Calvin cycle.
To produce ATP and NADPH. Energy carriers needed for the Calvin cycle.
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Identify the location of the Krebs cycle in the cell.
Identify the location of the Krebs cycle in the cell.
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Mitochondrial matrix. Innermost compartment of mitochondria where citric acid cycle occurs.
Mitochondrial matrix. Innermost compartment of mitochondria where citric acid cycle occurs.
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Which molecule acts as the main electron carrier in photosynthesis?
Which molecule acts as the main electron carrier in photosynthesis?
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NADP+. Similar to NADH but used in photosynthetic reactions.
NADP+. Similar to NADH but used in photosynthetic reactions.
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Which molecule is regenerated at the end of the Calvin cycle?
Which molecule is regenerated at the end of the Calvin cycle?
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RuBP (Ribulose bisphosphate). Five-carbon sugar that accepts $CO_2$ in carbon fixation.
RuBP (Ribulose bisphosphate). Five-carbon sugar that accepts $CO_2$ in carbon fixation.
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What is the function of the electron transport chain?
What is the function of the electron transport chain?
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Transfer electrons to create a proton gradient for ATP synthesis. Creates proton gradient that powers ATP synthase.
Transfer electrons to create a proton gradient for ATP synthesis. Creates proton gradient that powers ATP synthase.
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Which process produces the most ATP: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, or oxidative phosphorylation?
Which process produces the most ATP: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, or oxidative phosphorylation?
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Oxidative phosphorylation. Generates about 28-30 ATP molecules through electron transport.
Oxidative phosphorylation. Generates about 28-30 ATP molecules through electron transport.
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What is the role of NADH in cellular respiration?
What is the role of NADH in cellular respiration?
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Electron carrier. Transfers high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain.
Electron carrier. Transfers high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain.
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Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
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Stroma of the chloroplast. Fluid-filled space surrounding thylakoid membranes.
Stroma of the chloroplast. Fluid-filled space surrounding thylakoid membranes.
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Which photosystem is involved in the splitting of water?
Which photosystem is involved in the splitting of water?
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Photosystem II. First photosystem that oxidizes water molecules.
Photosystem II. First photosystem that oxidizes water molecules.
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What is the role of Rubisco in the Calvin cycle?
What is the role of Rubisco in the Calvin cycle?
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Catalyzes the fixation of CO$_2$. Key enzyme that combines $CO_2$ with RuBP.
Catalyzes the fixation of CO$_2$. Key enzyme that combines $CO_2$ with RuBP.
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Which type of plant minimizes photorespiration by fixing CO$_2$ into four-carbon compounds?
Which type of plant minimizes photorespiration by fixing CO$_2$ into four-carbon compounds?
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C4 plants. Spatial separation prevents photorespiration in hot climates.
C4 plants. Spatial separation prevents photorespiration in hot climates.
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Identify the wavelengths of light most effectively absorbed by chlorophyll.
Identify the wavelengths of light most effectively absorbed by chlorophyll.
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Blue and red wavelengths. Green light is reflected, not absorbed.
Blue and red wavelengths. Green light is reflected, not absorbed.
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What is the initial reactant in the Krebs cycle?
What is the initial reactant in the Krebs cycle?
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Acetyl-CoA. Two-carbon unit that enters the citric acid cycle.
Acetyl-CoA. Two-carbon unit that enters the citric acid cycle.
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Identify the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
Identify the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
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Oxygen. Accepts electrons at the end of the transport chain.
Oxygen. Accepts electrons at the end of the transport chain.
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Which type of fermentation occurs in muscle cells?
Which type of fermentation occurs in muscle cells?
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Lactic acid fermentation. Occurs during intense exercise when oxygen is limited.
Lactic acid fermentation. Occurs during intense exercise when oxygen is limited.
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What is the main purpose of the Calvin cycle?
What is the main purpose of the Calvin cycle?
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To convert CO$_2$ into glucose. Light-independent reactions that fix carbon dioxide.
To convert CO$_2$ into glucose. Light-independent reactions that fix carbon dioxide.
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During which process is carbon dioxide released in cellular respiration?
During which process is carbon dioxide released in cellular respiration?
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Krebs cycle. Carbon atoms are removed as $CO_2$ during this cycle.
Krebs cycle. Carbon atoms are removed as $CO_2$ during this cycle.
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Identify the process that converts light energy into chemical energy.
Identify the process that converts light energy into chemical energy.
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Photosynthesis. Plants capture sunlight to make glucose.
Photosynthesis. Plants capture sunlight to make glucose.
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Which phase of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm?
Which phase of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm?
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Glycolysis. First stage breaks down glucose without oxygen.
Glycolysis. First stage breaks down glucose without oxygen.
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In which part of the chloroplast do the light-dependent reactions occur?
In which part of the chloroplast do the light-dependent reactions occur?
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Thylakoid membranes. Contains chlorophyll and photosystems for light capture.
Thylakoid membranes. Contains chlorophyll and photosystems for light capture.
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What are the end products of the light-dependent reactions?
What are the end products of the light-dependent reactions?
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ATP, NADPH, and O$_2$. Light reactions produce energy carriers and release oxygen.
ATP, NADPH, and O$_2$. Light reactions produce energy carriers and release oxygen.
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Which two processes are linked by the electron transport chain?
Which two processes are linked by the electron transport chain?
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Glycolysis/Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Electrons from metabolism power ATP synthesis.
Glycolysis/Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Electrons from metabolism power ATP synthesis.
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Which molecule provides electrons for the light-dependent reactions?
Which molecule provides electrons for the light-dependent reactions?
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Water (H$_2$O). Split by light to provide electrons and protons.
Water (H$_2$O). Split by light to provide electrons and protons.
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What is photorespiration?
What is photorespiration?
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Process where Rubisco adds O$_2$ instead of CO$_2$ to RuBP. Wasteful process that reduces photosynthetic efficiency.
Process where Rubisco adds O$_2$ instead of CO$_2$ to RuBP. Wasteful process that reduces photosynthetic efficiency.
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