Transcription and RNA Processing - AP Biology

RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA strand. The polymerase moves along DNA, adding complementary RNA nucleotides.

snRNA. Small nuclear RNA guides the splicing machinery to correct sites.

Nuclear export. This transport mechanism moves processed mRNA to cytoplasm for translation.

5' cap. This modified guanosine structure protects mRNA from degradation.

Protein that regulates transcription. These regulatory proteins control gene expression by binding DNA.

Clusters of genes under single promoter in prokaryotes. This organization allows coordinated expression of related genes.

DNA strand used to synthesize RNA. This antisense strand provides the pattern for complementary RNA synthesis.

Degrades RNA molecules. These enzymes cleave RNA during processing and quality control.

Poly-A tail. Also enhances mRNA stability and facilitates nuclear export.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA). This RNA forms the structural and catalytic core of ribosomes.

Production of different mRNA from the same transcript. This mechanism creates protein diversity by varying exon combinations.

Uracil. RNA uses uracil instead of thymine for base pairing with adenine.

Poly-A polymerase. This enzyme extends the 3' end with multiple adenine nucleotides.

Promoter sequence. This regulatory sequence determines where transcription begins.

Participate in splicing by forming spliceosome. Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins recognize splice sites and catalyze splicing.

Assemblage of transcription factors and RNA polymerase. This complex forms at promoters to begin RNA synthesis.

To synthesize RNA from a DNA template. This process creates RNA copies of genetic information for protein synthesis.

Decrease transcription levels. These regulatory sequences reduce gene expression when bound by repressors.

Pre-mRNA. This unprocessed RNA transcript contains both exons and introns.

Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes. Acts as an intermediate messenger between genes and protein synthesis.

Coding sequences in mRNA. These sequences remain in mature mRNA and code for proteins.

Transcription. This is the first step in gene expression, creating RNA from DNA.

Increase transcription levels. These regulatory sequences boost gene expression when bound by activators.

Protects mRNA from degradation. Prevents 5' exonuclease digestion and facilitates ribosome binding.

Modifications of pre-mRNA to mature mRNA. These modifications prepare mRNA for translation and nuclear export.

RNA processing. This quality control step removes introns and adds protective modifications.

Bridge between transcription factors and RNA polymerase. These proteins coordinate transcriptional regulation by connecting factors.

Signals end of transcription. This sequence causes RNA polymerase to stop and release the transcript.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA). This RNA forms the structural and catalytic core of ribosomes.