Elements and Atoms - AP Chemistry
Card 0 of 1236
Which of the following is not a property of metals?
Which of the following is not a property of metals?
The metals are found on the left side and the middle of the periodic table, and include the active metals, transition metals, and lanthanide and actinide series of elements. They easily give up electrons to form cations, since they have LOW ionization energies.
The metals are found on the left side and the middle of the periodic table, and include the active metals, transition metals, and lanthanide and actinide series of elements. They easily give up electrons to form cations, since they have LOW ionization energies.
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Which of the following does not determine the length of an element's atomic radius?
Which of the following does not determine the length of an element's atomic radius?
The number of neutorns is the only thing out of the answer choices that does not impact an element's atomic radius. Since neutrons have no charge, they do not impact the attractive forces between electrons and protons.
The number of neutorns is the only thing out of the answer choices that does not impact an element's atomic radius. Since neutrons have no charge, they do not impact the attractive forces between electrons and protons.
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What type of element is selenium?
What type of element is selenium?
Selenium is on the right side of the periodic table, so it is not a metal or metalloid. It is not in column 7 or 8, so it is not a halogen or noble gas. Thus, it must be a nonmetal.
Selenium is on the right side of the periodic table, so it is not a metal or metalloid. It is not in column 7 or 8, so it is not a halogen or noble gas. Thus, it must be a nonmetal.
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Which property of metals make them a good component of wiring that conducts electricity?
Which property of metals make them a good component of wiring that conducts electricity?
Electricity is produced and conducted by the movement of electrons, and thus the most important property that allows them to be used for wiring is their valence electrons that can move freely.
Electricity is produced and conducted by the movement of electrons, and thus the most important property that allows them to be used for wiring is their valence electrons that can move freely.
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Which of the following does not obey the octet rule?
Which of the following does not obey the octet rule?
Hydrogen does not have enough space for 8 electrons, since it has only one s-subshell, which holds a maximum of 2 electrons.
Hydrogen does not have enough space for 8 electrons, since it has only one s-subshell, which holds a maximum of 2 electrons.
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What is the energy required to form a gaseous cation from a gaseous atom?
What is the energy required to form a gaseous cation from a gaseous atom?
This is the correct definition of ionization energy. By removing an electron from an atom, a cation is produced.
This is the correct definition of ionization energy. By removing an electron from an atom, a cation is produced.
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Why does iron rust more easily than zinc or aluminum?
Why does iron rust more easily than zinc or aluminum?
Rust forms when a substance is oxidized; thus iron cannot be a better oxidizing agent, because that would mean it would be more easily reduced. Aluminum and zinc are reactive, so that answer choice can be ruled out. Aluminum and zinc can form protective oxides by complexing the atom with oxygen.
Rust forms when a substance is oxidized; thus iron cannot be a better oxidizing agent, because that would mean it would be more easily reduced. Aluminum and zinc are reactive, so that answer choice can be ruled out. Aluminum and zinc can form protective oxides by complexing the atom with oxygen.
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What type of bond can be expected to form between K and I?
What type of bond can be expected to form between K and I?
Ionic bonds occur between metals and non-metals. The non-metal species are often halogens, very electronegative atoms which will completely take one of the non-metal's electrons. An ionic bond is not as much a bond as it is an association between positive and negatively charged atoms (ions). This association leads to the formation of rigid lattice structures of ionic compounds. Which makes them very stable, as seen by their high boiling points. When looking for ionic bonding, look for bonding between non-metals and metals, and atoms that are from opposite ends of the periodic table.
Ionic bonds occur between metals and non-metals. The non-metal species are often halogens, very electronegative atoms which will completely take one of the non-metal's electrons. An ionic bond is not as much a bond as it is an association between positive and negatively charged atoms (ions). This association leads to the formation of rigid lattice structures of ionic compounds. Which makes them very stable, as seen by their high boiling points. When looking for ionic bonding, look for bonding between non-metals and metals, and atoms that are from opposite ends of the periodic table.
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Why can some atoms exceed the octet rule?
Why can some atoms exceed the octet rule?
Atoms in the third period and above have d-orbitals that can hold up to 10 elecrons. This is what allows for atoms to exceed the octet rule.
Atoms in the third period and above have d-orbitals that can hold up to 10 elecrons. This is what allows for atoms to exceed the octet rule.
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What kind of radiation has no charge or mass?
What kind of radiation has no charge or mass?
This is the definition of gamma radiation.
This is the definition of gamma radiation.
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Uranium-238 undergoes alpha decay. Which nucleus is formed as a result of this decay?
Uranium-238 undergoes alpha decay. Which nucleus is formed as a result of this decay?
In alpha decay, an element loses the equivalent of a helium nucleus, or 2 protons and 2 neutrons. Uranium-238 has an atomic number of 92 and a mass of 238 units, so the product of alpha decay will have an atomic number of 90 and a mass of 234 units. This corresponds to thorium-234.
In alpha decay, an element loses the equivalent of a helium nucleus, or 2 protons and 2 neutrons. Uranium-238 has an atomic number of 92 and a mass of 238 units, so the product of alpha decay will have an atomic number of 90 and a mass of 234 units. This corresponds to thorium-234.
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What is the de Broglie wavelength (in meters) of a person walking? Assume a person walks at 4 mph and has a mass of 80 kg.
What is the de Broglie wavelength (in meters) of a person walking? Assume a person walks at 4 mph and has a mass of 80 kg.
de Broglie suggested that all matter has both wave-like and particle-like properties. His
equation states that λ= h/mv , where λ is the wavelength, m is mass, h is Planck’s constant,
and v is velocity. 4 mph is 1.8 m s−1 and Planck’s constant is 6.626e-34 kg m2 s−1 , giving
us a wavelength (λ) 4.6e-36 m ! A very small wavelength, indeed.
de Broglie suggested that all matter has both wave-like and particle-like properties. His
equation states that λ= h/mv , where λ is the wavelength, m is mass, h is Planck’s constant,
and v is velocity. 4 mph is 1.8 m s−1 and Planck’s constant is 6.626e-34 kg m2 s−1 , giving
us a wavelength (λ) 4.6e-36 m ! A very small wavelength, indeed.
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Ernest Rutherford's famous gold foil experiment demonstrated which of the following principles?
Ernest Rutherford's famous gold foil experiment demonstrated which of the following principles?
Rutherfords experiment focused a beam of alpha particles on a piece of gold foil. The result showed that most of the alpha particles passed through the foil, while a small fraction of particles were significantly deflected. This suggested the presence of a small, dense, positively charged nucleus. Most of the alpha particles passed through the electron clouds of the gold atoms, without impacting the nuclei, while those that did impact the nuclei were deflected by the positive charge of the nucleus.
Rutherford's experiment does not give us any concrete information about neutrons, nor does it allow us to assume that the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus are equal.
Rutherfords experiment focused a beam of alpha particles on a piece of gold foil. The result showed that most of the alpha particles passed through the foil, while a small fraction of particles were significantly deflected. This suggested the presence of a small, dense, positively charged nucleus. Most of the alpha particles passed through the electron clouds of the gold atoms, without impacting the nuclei, while those that did impact the nuclei were deflected by the positive charge of the nucleus.
Rutherford's experiment does not give us any concrete information about neutrons, nor does it allow us to assume that the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus are equal.
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What did the Rutherford gold foil experiment show?
What did the Rutherford gold foil experiment show?
In the Rutherford experiment, a beam of alpha particles was shot through a gold foil, with most of the particles flying straight through and a few scattering at angles greater than
. These results suggest that most of the volume of foil was "empty" space, with small concentrations of positive charge, which we now know is the nucleus.
In the Rutherford experiment, a beam of alpha particles was shot through a gold foil, with most of the particles flying straight through and a few scattering at angles greater than . These results suggest that most of the volume of foil was "empty" space, with small concentrations of positive charge, which we now know is the nucleus.
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Which scientist conducted an experiment studying the structure of the atom by firing alpha particles at a thin gold foil?
Which scientist conducted an experiment studying the structure of the atom by firing alpha particles at a thin gold foil?
Ernest Rutherford made great advances in current understanding of atomic structure through his gold foil experiment. When firing positively-charged alpha particles at a thin film of gold atoms, most particles were found to pass straight through the film with little to no deflection, indicating that atoms were mostly composed of empty space. A few particles were deflected at large angles, indicating direct collisions with the positively charged nuclei of the atoms.
Ernest Rutherford made great advances in current understanding of atomic structure through his gold foil experiment. When firing positively-charged alpha particles at a thin film of gold atoms, most particles were found to pass straight through the film with little to no deflection, indicating that atoms were mostly composed of empty space. A few particles were deflected at large angles, indicating direct collisions with the positively charged nuclei of the atoms.
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Which of the following statements regarding the discovery of the electron are true?
Which of the following statements regarding the discovery of the electron are true?
Recall that J.J. Thomson conducted the cathode ray tube experiment that proved the existence of a small negatively charged particle. Thomson was also able to determine the charge-to-mass ratio of an electron. Robert Millikan is the scientist who conducted the oil drop experiment, from which he was able to find the charge of the electron and deduce its mass using the electron's charge-to-mass ratio. Dalton was not involved in the discovery of the electron.
Recall that J.J. Thomson conducted the cathode ray tube experiment that proved the existence of a small negatively charged particle. Thomson was also able to determine the charge-to-mass ratio of an electron. Robert Millikan is the scientist who conducted the oil drop experiment, from which he was able to find the charge of the electron and deduce its mass using the electron's charge-to-mass ratio. Dalton was not involved in the discovery of the electron.
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From Robert Millikan's oil drop experiment, the charge of the electron was observed to be
. Which of the following charges could not have been observed from the oil drop experiment?
From Robert Millikan's oil drop experiment, the charge of the electron was observed to be . Which of the following charges could not have been observed from the oil drop experiment?
All the oil drops must have a charge that is a multiple of
. If an oil drop is observed to have a charge of
, that means the oil drop has three electrons. If an oil drop is observed to have a charge of
, that means the oil drop has twelve electrons. If an oil drop is observed to have a charge of
, that means the oil drop has two electrons.
All the oil drops must have a charge that is a multiple of . If an oil drop is observed to have a charge of
, that means the oil drop has three electrons. If an oil drop is observed to have a charge of
, that means the oil drop has twelve electrons. If an oil drop is observed to have a charge of
, that means the oil drop has two electrons.
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Which of the following atoms is least likely to have a full octet when it is part of a molecule?
Which of the following atoms is least likely to have a full octet when it is part of a molecule?
B (boron) is one of the atoms known for making fewer than 4 covalent bonds, and therefore not filling its octet. C (carbon) always makes 4 bonds, while O (oxygen) and Cl (chloride) are also known for having full octets.
B (boron) is one of the atoms known for making fewer than 4 covalent bonds, and therefore not filling its octet. C (carbon) always makes 4 bonds, while O (oxygen) and Cl (chloride) are also known for having full octets.
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From Robert Millikan's oil drop experiment, the charge of the electron was observed to be
. Suppose that one of the oil drops has a charge of
. How many electrons does this oil drop contain?
From Robert Millikan's oil drop experiment, the charge of the electron was observed to be . Suppose that one of the oil drops has a charge of
. How many electrons does this oil drop contain?
To find the number of electrons this oil drop contains, divide the observed charge by the charge of a single electron.

This oil drop contains
electrons.
To find the number of electrons this oil drop contains, divide the observed charge by the charge of a single electron.
This oil drop contains electrons.
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Which of the following statements concerning the discovery of the electron are false?
Which of the following statements concerning the discovery of the electron are false?
Recall that J.J. Thomson conducted the cathode ray tube experiment that proved the existence of a small negatively charged particle. Thomson was also able to determine the charge-to-mass ratio of an electron. Robert Millikan is the scientist who conducted the oil drop experiment, from which he was able to find the charge of the electron and deduce its mass using the electron's charge-to-mass ratio.
Recall that J.J. Thomson conducted the cathode ray tube experiment that proved the existence of a small negatively charged particle. Thomson was also able to determine the charge-to-mass ratio of an electron. Robert Millikan is the scientist who conducted the oil drop experiment, from which he was able to find the charge of the electron and deduce its mass using the electron's charge-to-mass ratio.
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