War and Civil Conflict - AP European History

Parliament sought a larger share of power in the British Government, and when the Kings of the Stuart line continually sought to govern without them, they decided to remove the king from power. The arrival of William and Mary and the American Revolution are not contemporaneous with the time period in question. The other two answers while chronologically possible are not considered primary causes of the English Civil War.

Charles I attempted to force Scotland to join the Anglican church so the whole of his kingdom would follow one religion. While such action could be said to have direct and negative influence on the Scottish clan system, the issue really lay in the attempt to enforce Anglicanism on the population, so this is the best answer.

After successfully besieging and retaking the city of Toulon from the British, Napoleon was assigned to Paris to protect the government from any hostilities. in 1795 a Royalist uprising in Paris was swiftly put down by Napoleon, who was catapulted to the forefront of French politics as the savior of the Revolution.

India was Britain's primary source of goods as well as people for work and soldiers. Taking Egypt would mean that the British would have to sail around the southern tip of Africa in order to reach India rather than take the shorter route through Egypt. Thus severely harming the British War effort.

The Battle of Wagram took place in the War of the Fifth Coalition, and cemented the idea of total French superiority in the mind of Napoleon thus leading to his decision to invade Russia.

The Anglo-Spanish War was fought over England's interference with Spanish ships attempting to subdue the Dutch Revolution as well as piracy on the part of English citizens who attacked Spanish galleons. The Anglo-Spanish War started in 1585 and lasted until 1604, when the Treaty of London called a halt to the conflict.

The war of Dutch Independence raged for eight decades, and at one point or another involved several nations fighting with or against the Dutch cause. The war ended in 1648 with the Spanish Netherlands being divided into the newly independent Dutch Republic and the Spanish controlled Southern Netherlands.

Charles I, the second Stuart King, sought to rule without the Parliament. Parliament sought to gain more influence over England, but when Charles would not share power they sought to remove him from power thus starting the war. The war lasted from 1642-1651, when it was resolved with the trial and execution of Charles I and the exile of his son Charles II, and the founding of the Protectorate under the rule of Oliver Cromwell.

The French government was controlled by the Catholic Royal family, while the Huguenots were Protestants who did not want to follow the orders of the Catholic King. These conflicts began in 1562 and lasted all the way to 1598, when it was resolved by the Edict of Nantes, after which Henry IV took over as ruler of France.

Louis XIV kept France in a near constant state of warfare. By the end of his reign France was left with virtually no allies, as they had gone to war with essentially every neighboring nation at least once.

Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes, which had given protestants a measure of equality. Louis sought to unify the nation under Catholicism and often persecuted protestants.

Ivan the Terrible struck his son's wife, causing her to have a miscarriage. After these events Ivan confronted his father, Ivan the Terrible, and in a fit of rage Ivan the Terrible hit over the head with his septor killing him. Such tales of violence were a significant aspect of Ivan's reputation and lasting legacy.

The Ottoman Empire controlled the whole of the Black Sea, which remained free of ice in the winter, and could therefore host a port for Russia that could connect them to the world through the whole year. Peter fought unsuccessfully with the Ottomans through his entire reign to gain territory on the Black Sea.

Sweden was one of the foremost powers in Europe at the time of the Great Northern War. Russia sought to establish itself as a power to be reckoned with and therefore sought to defeat Sweden and take a significant chunk of its territory in what is modern day Latvia and Estonia. The Great Northern War began in 1700 and lasted until 1721.

St. Petersburg was built on swampland on the shoreline of the Gulf of Finland. it was meant to be the new, modern, capital of Russia. It was also meant to be the major port for Russia, as it would be free from ice for more of each year than any other Russian port, as Peter had failed to take a warm water port from the Ottomans.

Catherine did not have a good relationship with her husband. She was also very hungry for power, and therefore she helped a group of guards and nobles who similarly disliked the Czar, to overthrow him, force him to abdicate, and ultimately killed him, leaving Catherine to inherit the throne.

The Battle of Grunwald was the first nail in the coffin of the Teutonic Knights. The conditions of the peace that followed were so severe that the Order was never able to recover. Eventually it declined to the point that the nation disappeared and was replaced by Prussia. It also was a sign to Europe that the Teutonic Order no longer ruled over Eastern Europe, and the Polish-Lithuanian Union was the new major power in the region.

The Second Northern War saw Russia and Sweden ally with the purpose of defeating the Commonwealth. By the end of 1655 all but a small portion of the nation was occupied by either Sweden or Russia.

The Ottoman Empire sought to continue its advance into Europe by taking Vienna, which was the capital of the Austrian Empire. They ultimately failed due to the arrival of Austria's ally, Poland.

For the past three centuries before the Siege of Vienna, Poland was a major power in Eastern Europe, and Europe on the whole. The victory at Vienna, made possible only by Poland's involvement, was the last great military achievement by Poland, which would be in a steep decline for the next century, until the nation was partitioned in 1795.