19th-Century Social Reform Practice Test

A secondary-source excerpt argues that the “social question” prompted late-19th-century governments to adopt welfare measures not only from humanitarian motives but also to undercut socialist parties and secure loyalty to the state. Which policy most directly reflects this logic?

Secondary-source excerpt (embedded): Historians frequently cite programs that insured workers against sickness, accidents, and old age, presenting welfare as a conservative strategy of integration—binding labor to the nation while preserving existing property relations.

A historian argues that “religious revival and reform in the nineteenth century did not simply resist modernity; it often generated new voluntary institutions,” including missions, poor relief societies, and campaigns against prostitution. The excerpt emphasizes that these initiatives relied on fundraising, newspapers, and middle-class female participation. Which characterization best captures this form of reform activity?