20th-Century Cultural Developments Practice Test

A 1913 Paris critic describes a new ballet as “a deliberate assault on harmony,” noting jagged rhythms, dissonant music, and choreography that rejects graceful, classical movement; the reviewer adds that the audience’s outrage shows how far artists have moved from nineteenth-century aesthetic ideals. This description most directly reflects which broader 20th-century European cultural development?

A secondary-source excerpt (about 80–120 words) claims that new European media in the 1920s–1930s helped create shared mass culture by standardizing tastes through popular music, film, advertising, and radio broadcasts, even as critics warned of manipulation and propaganda. Which development most directly enabled this shift?