Contextualizing Industrialization, Its Origins, and Effects Practice Test

As industrialization spread after 1850, European cities built sewer systems, widened streets, and created public parks, while reformers linked disease outbreaks to overcrowding and polluted water. Municipal governments increasingly collected data and regulated housing and sanitation. Which nineteenth-century intellectual or scientific development most directly supported these urban public health reforms?

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, European states and entrepreneurs increasingly invested in canals, turnpikes, and later railways. These projects relied on private capital, joint-stock companies, and sometimes state charters, while also stimulating demand for iron, coal, and engineering expertise. Which broader economic trend is best illustrated by these developments?