Protestant Reform Continues Practice Test

In Scotland, Protestant reform continued under the influence of Calvinist ideas. John Knox and other reformers criticized the Catholic mass, emphasized preaching, and pushed for a presbyterian model of church governance led by elders rather than bishops. Over time, this contributed to political conflict involving monarchs who favored episcopal structures. Which feature best distinguishes the presbyterian model associated with Scottish reform from episcopal governance?

Continuing Protestant reform reshaped education and literacy. Many Protestant leaders promoted schools so believers could read Scripture, and they encouraged catechisms to standardize doctrine. In Calvinist areas, church discipline and instruction were tightly organized, while Lutheran territories often relied on princely support for church governance and schooling. Which change best reflects a long-term social effect of Protestant emphasis on Scripture and catechisms in parts of northern Europe?