Second Wave Industrialization and Its Effects Practice Test

By 1900, Europe’s second wave industrialization relied heavily on coal, iron ore, and new processes like the Bessemer and open-hearth methods, while chemical firms produced synthetic dyes and fertilizers. Governments and industrialists sought secure supplies of raw materials and new markets for finished goods, and naval technology increasingly depended on steel and coal. Which broader late-19th-century trend was most directly reinforced by these industrial needs?

In the second wave of industrialization, firms increasingly used assembly-line methods, standardized parts, and “scientific management” to raise output. Managers timed tasks, reorganized shop floors, and sought to reduce worker autonomy, while unions criticized speedups and deskilling. Which consequence most directly resulted from these new production strategies?