Institutional Relationships - AP Government and Politics

Pork barrel legislation is the term given to the common legislative practice of elected officials gaining funding through legislature for a project that favors their home district. At its most controversial, pork barrel legislation is concerned with gaining funding for something that disproportionately affects the representative's district but is paid for by the taxes of the whole nation.

The “graying of America” is a demographic term used to describe the aging of the population in contemporary times. The average age is steadily rising, as baby boomers are becoming older. This could have challenging consequences for the current young generation, because there will be less people paying into social security and more people withdrawing money.

The main purpose of this question is to test the students understanding of accountability. Specifically, the difference in accountability between a parliamentary and presidential system. In a presidential democracy, all members of the legislative branch, and the president are both elected, and thus are directly voted on by citizens, making them accountable to those citizens.

While the two branches are dependent and accountable to one another, in one way or another, their relationship to the citizenry is the most fundamental aspect of their accountability.

The watchdog role is a term given to the media’s accepted duty to protect the general public from the corrupt and incompetent practices of political leaders. In this capacity, it is the duty of the media to report any instances of government malpractice, deceit, or general incompetence to the public.

Freedom of the Press has been temporarily restricted during wartime various times, such as in the Sedition Act of 1918, upheld by the Supreme Court in 1919 under the "clear and present danger" test, and again in 2001 following the declaration of the War on Terror. Students should be able to quickly rule out most options besides "freedom of the press" and "freedom of speech." Freedom of the press is more frequently directly restricted, as the freedom of speech for individual persons acting outside of mass media is rarely as potentially dangerous or influential.

The White House Press Secretary is a modern phenomenon, only created in the last half of the twentieth century with the explosion of different forms of news media. With a daily briefing in the White House Press Room, the Press Secretary's main function is to distill the President's message for the White House Press Corps and to answer any of their questions. While this has a residual effect of extending the message to other groups, the chief task of a Press Secretary is to deal with the press.

Controversy has arisen in the past few decades over the role of former members of Congress in lobbying. This has led to what is called a "revolving door" in Congress. In light of this, light restrictions have been added that prevent former members of Congress from lobbying to former staff for one year, and other members of Congress for two. Students should be aware of current controversies surrounding interest groups in the United States.

With respect to the other answers, few states have restrictions on state funds being used to lobby, lobbyists must register but do not need to apply for licensing, lobbyists can certainly work in multiple states, and foreign entities can lobby the government as long as they adhere to certain restrictions.

The Department of the Interior manages programs related to Native Americans. The Department of the Interior is also responsible for the management of Federal land and national parks, as well as conservation and the management of natural resources.

Controversy has arisen in the past few decades over the role of former members of Congress in lobbying. This has led to what is called a "revolving door" in Congress. In light of this, light restrictions have been added that prevent former members of Congress from lobbying to former staff for one year, and other members of Congress for two. Students should be aware of current controversies surrounding interest groups in the United States.

With respect to the other answers, few states have restrictions on state funds being used to lobby, lobbyists must register but do not need to apply for licensing, lobbyists can certainly work in multiple states, and foreign entities can lobby the government as long as they adhere to certain restrictions.

The Department of the Interior manages programs related to Native Americans. The Department of the Interior is also responsible for the management of Federal land and national parks, as well as conservation and the management of natural resources.

The system of checks and balances is the way that the U.S. government balances power between the executive, judicial, and legislative branches. It is known as such because of the way that each branch is able to check the others and balance them out if one gains too much power over another.

Executive privilege allows the president and other important members of the Executive branch to withhold information from, and refuse to testify to, Congress. It is most relevant in U.S. History to the refusal of Richard Nixon to provide certain evidence to Congress during his trial over the Watergate incident.

The only man to serve as both President and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court was William H. Taft. Taft became President following the end of Theodore Roosevelt’s Presidency, but had always favored a position on the Supreme Court and was something of a reluctant President. He lasted only one term as President and was granted his wish to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1921, when he was nominated by President Harding. He would serve as Chief Justice for nine years until his ill health forced him to step down shortly before his death. As a Chief Justice Taft, encouraged the Judiciary Act of 1925, which expanded the Supreme Court’s power to give priority to cases that they considered of national importance.

The War Powers Act of 1973 was designed to eliminate the president’s ability to unilaterally declare war or commit the armed forces without the prescribed support of Congress. It was issued in response to the United States’ prolonged involvement in Korea and Vietnam, both conflicts that occurred without a formal declaration of war being issued by Congress.

Judicial review establishes that the judicial branch of the government has the right to analyze the constitutionality of certain actions undertaken by the legislative and executive branches of government. It is part of the checks and balances aspect of American government that ensures that no one branch of the United States government can wield absolute power at the expense of the other two branches.

In the 1824 election none of the major candidates gained a clear majority; however, Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams emerged as the two leading candidates in the popular vote. Due to the lack of a clear winner, the election had to be decided in the House of Representatives. Henry Clay, himself a candidate in the election, allegedly offered his support to John Quincy Adams, helping him win the Presidency, In exchange, Clay was made Adams’ Secretary of State. Andrew Jackson would campaign, partially, on the platform of the "corrupt-bargain" in the next election, 1828.

In a Unified Government, in contrast to a Divided Government, the Legislative and Executive Branches are both controlled by the same party. This allows much more legislation to get passed. In a Divided Government, one of the parties controls Congress and the other controls the Presidency. This often leads to gridlock.

A coalition government occurs more often in Parliamentary systems than it does in the American system, but it has occurred previously on rare occasions throughout American history. A coalition government occurs when a group of smaller parties or interest groups work together and combine their representation in order to form a majority in Congress.

The name given to a Legislative grant of money to finance a specific government program is "appropriations."

A President can be impeached only under very specific circumstances. First the House must vote for impeachment by a simple majority, but, this simply states that the President must stand trial, so the case moves to the Senate, where the trial takes place. A two-thirds vote is needed in the Senate to remove the President from office.