Industrialization & Economic Development - AP Human Geography
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The shift in major urban areas moving from an economy based on industry to one based on a service-sector economy is known as .
The shift in major urban areas moving from an economy based on industry to one based on a service-sector economy is known as .
Economic restructuring is a phenomenon that has accelerated in the last part of the twentieth century and into the twenty-first century. Economic restructuring is the process in which economies move from a blue-collar industrial base, especially around heavy industry and factories, into more of a white-collar service sector. This process is typical in most major American cities, which has produced a thinner middle class and more menial jobs.
Economic restructuring is a phenomenon that has accelerated in the last part of the twentieth century and into the twenty-first century. Economic restructuring is the process in which economies move from a blue-collar industrial base, especially around heavy industry and factories, into more of a white-collar service sector. This process is typical in most major American cities, which has produced a thinner middle class and more menial jobs.
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In which decade did E-commerce first emerge?
In which decade did E-commerce first emerge?
“E-commerce” refers to the use of the internet to sell goods and services that would traditionally have required going to an actual store. It began in the 1990s as the internet exploded into existence all around the developed world. Many prognosticators at the time predicted that E-commerce would completely replace actual stores in a very short space of time, however that has not been the case. Instead we have seen an integration of E-commerce into the existing economy - where some things are bought online and some things are bought in person.
“E-commerce” refers to the use of the internet to sell goods and services that would traditionally have required going to an actual store. It began in the 1990s as the internet exploded into existence all around the developed world. Many prognosticators at the time predicted that E-commerce would completely replace actual stores in a very short space of time, however that has not been the case. Instead we have seen an integration of E-commerce into the existing economy - where some things are bought online and some things are bought in person.
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In the second half of the twentieth century most of the major corporations of the world transitioned their manufacturing centers from to .
In the second half of the twentieth century most of the major corporations of the world transitioned their manufacturing centers from to .
In the second half of the twentieth century most of the major corporations of the world transitioned their manufacturing centers from the developed world (countries like the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States of America) to the developing world (countries like India, Mexico, and Brazil). The primary reason behind this is because it is extremely cost effective for the companies- they have access to much cheaper labor and, often, lower tax rates and other benefits. The consequences of this movement are still being felt and understood, but it has involved the transition of the national economies of much of the world.
In the second half of the twentieth century most of the major corporations of the world transitioned their manufacturing centers from the developed world (countries like the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States of America) to the developing world (countries like India, Mexico, and Brazil). The primary reason behind this is because it is extremely cost effective for the companies- they have access to much cheaper labor and, often, lower tax rates and other benefits. The consequences of this movement are still being felt and understood, but it has involved the transition of the national economies of much of the world.
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What name is given to a company that is comprised of many smaller firms who all specialize in one aspect of the company's product development or sale?
What name is given to a company that is comprised of many smaller firms who all specialize in one aspect of the company's product development or sale?
A “conglomerate corporation” is a company that is comprised of many smaller firms who all specialize in various aspects of the company’s product development and sale. So a large corporation might have different firms responsible for harvesting raw materials, manufacturing products for sale, transporting products to different markets, advertising and marketing, and so on. In the twenty-first century almost all major corporations are “conglomerate corporations.”
A “conglomerate corporation” is a company that is comprised of many smaller firms who all specialize in various aspects of the company’s product development and sale. So a large corporation might have different firms responsible for harvesting raw materials, manufacturing products for sale, transporting products to different markets, advertising and marketing, and so on. In the twenty-first century almost all major corporations are “conglomerate corporations.”
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What name is given to the process of transferring service-based jobs to other countries?
What name is given to the process of transferring service-based jobs to other countries?
It has become common in recent years for companies to transfer service-based jobs, particular call centers, to other countries. This is called “outsourcing.” This is generally done because the company knows it can save money by paying the outsourced workers a lower wage to do the same job.
It has become common in recent years for companies to transfer service-based jobs, particular call centers, to other countries. This is called “outsourcing.” This is generally done because the company knows it can save money by paying the outsourced workers a lower wage to do the same job.
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Which of the following American regions is incorrectly matched with its specialty?
Which of the following American regions is incorrectly matched with its specialty?
All of the American regions are correctly matched with their regional economic specialties except Hartford. Hartford is a city in Connecticut and has an extremely high concentration of insurance industries. It is not known for tourism.
All of the American regions are correctly matched with their regional economic specialties except Hartford. Hartford is a city in Connecticut and has an extremely high concentration of insurance industries. It is not known for tourism.
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In the 1990s, many economists thought that E-commerce was going to eliminate .
In the 1990s, many economists thought that E-commerce was going to eliminate .
E-commerce was the name given to any sales-related business conducted over the internet. When it first exploded in the 1990s, many economists expected E-commerce to completely eliminate and replace the business generated by actual in-person shops. These in-person shops are referred to as “brick and mortar businesses.” Instead, E-commerce has become an option available to consumers but not a replacement of traditional brick and mortar businesses.
E-commerce was the name given to any sales-related business conducted over the internet. When it first exploded in the 1990s, many economists expected E-commerce to completely eliminate and replace the business generated by actual in-person shops. These in-person shops are referred to as “brick and mortar businesses.” Instead, E-commerce has become an option available to consumers but not a replacement of traditional brick and mortar businesses.
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All of the following are tertiary economic activities except .
All of the following are tertiary economic activities except .
Tertiary economic activities are activities in the service sector. Agriculture is a primary economic activity, focusing on use of natural resources.
Tertiary economic activities are activities in the service sector. Agriculture is a primary economic activity, focusing on use of natural resources.
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In a bulk-reducing industry, the inputs weigh more than the final product. Which of these statements is true about bulk-reducing industries and how they try to offset the costs related to product inputs?
In a bulk-reducing industry, the inputs weigh more than the final product. Which of these statements is true about bulk-reducing industries and how they try to offset the costs related to product inputs?
Since the inputs weigh more than the final products, and transportation is generally more expensive for heavier things, the bulk-reducing industries locate themselves near their inputs in order to pay less for the transportation of heavier items.
Since the inputs weigh more than the final products, and transportation is generally more expensive for heavier things, the bulk-reducing industries locate themselves near their inputs in order to pay less for the transportation of heavier items.
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Why is longer-distance transportation cheaper per kilometer?
Why is longer-distance transportation cheaper per kilometer?
The cost of labor for loading and unloading goods from vehicles is considered a fixed cost, and this fixed cost doesn't change regardless of the distance traveled. Therefore, the longer the distance traveled, the cheaper the cost of transportation per kilometer traveled.
The cost of labor for loading and unloading goods from vehicles is considered a fixed cost, and this fixed cost doesn't change regardless of the distance traveled. Therefore, the longer the distance traveled, the cheaper the cost of transportation per kilometer traveled.
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Which of these statements correctly explains the difference between "open shop" and "closed shop?"
Which of these statements correctly explains the difference between "open shop" and "closed shop?"
A closed shop place of employment is a place of employment that will only hire members of a labor union. It is "closed" because it is restricted to only union members.
A closed shop place of employment is a place of employment that will only hire members of a labor union. It is "closed" because it is restricted to only union members.
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Which of these scenarios provides the best example of vertical integration?
Which of these scenarios provides the best example of vertical integration?
Vertical integration happens when one company controls all aspects of its production process.
Vertical integration happens when one company controls all aspects of its production process.
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Which of the following three countries best represent Stage 4 of demographic transition?
Which of the following three countries best represent Stage 4 of demographic transition?
Stage 4 of demographic transition is the result of industrial and economic development and is characterized by a low and stabilized birth rate and a low and constant mortality rate. Countries that have undergone their industrial revolution and have adequate public health and education infrastructure such as Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom are in Stage 4 of demographic transition.
Stage 4 of demographic transition is the result of industrial and economic development and is characterized by a low and stabilized birth rate and a low and constant mortality rate. Countries that have undergone their industrial revolution and have adequate public health and education infrastructure such as Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom are in Stage 4 of demographic transition.
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Which of the following societies would most likely be undergoing Stage 2 of the demographic transition?
Which of the following societies would most likely be undergoing Stage 2 of the demographic transition?
Stage 2 of the demographic transition begins right before population expansion and continues until the near end of a country's industrialization process. Ghana is a country that is beginning to industrialize, and its public healthcare and education infrastructure are severely underdeveloped, which is typical of a country in Stage 2. The result is a consistently high birth rate along with an exponential decrease in the mortality rate.
Stage 2 of the demographic transition begins right before population expansion and continues until the near end of a country's industrialization process. Ghana is a country that is beginning to industrialize, and its public healthcare and education infrastructure are severely underdeveloped, which is typical of a country in Stage 2. The result is a consistently high birth rate along with an exponential decrease in the mortality rate.
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What is the sum of all economic activity produced by a country in a given period of time?
What is the sum of all economic activity produced by a country in a given period of time?
This is the definition of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Gross National Product (GNP) is GDP plus any net income from trade. The Human Development Index (HDI) measures the status of life in any given place based off of life expectancy, education levels, and income per capita. The GINI Index measures the economic inequality of a given area. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) tries to equate relative values of difference currencies to make other measures of economic success equal to all currencies.
This is the definition of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Gross National Product (GNP) is GDP plus any net income from trade. The Human Development Index (HDI) measures the status of life in any given place based off of life expectancy, education levels, and income per capita. The GINI Index measures the economic inequality of a given area. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) tries to equate relative values of difference currencies to make other measures of economic success equal to all currencies.
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Which of these are considered as part of the Human Development Index?
I. Income
II. Sanitation
III. Nutrition
IV. Education
V. Life expectancy
Which of these are considered as part of the Human Development Index?
I. Income
II. Sanitation
III. Nutrition
IV. Education
V. Life expectancy
The Human Development Index was created by the United Nations Development Program in 2010. Its main goal is to try and de-emphasize the focus on productivity as the primary measure of development. Instead it focuses on income, education, and life expectancy. Generally speaking, the Human Development Index matches quite closely with the Gross National Product, but there are several notable exceptions such as the Middle East and Southern Europe.
The Human Development Index was created by the United Nations Development Program in 2010. Its main goal is to try and de-emphasize the focus on productivity as the primary measure of development. Instead it focuses on income, education, and life expectancy. Generally speaking, the Human Development Index matches quite closely with the Gross National Product, but there are several notable exceptions such as the Middle East and Southern Europe.
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Which of these regions scores the highest on the Human Development Index?
Which of these regions scores the highest on the Human Development Index?
Of these regions Western Europe and North America score by far the highest on the Human Development Index, although it is worth noting that some countries (like Japan) in the other regions also have very high scores on the Human Development Index. Western Europe does tend to edge out North America, primarily as a result of higher life expectancy.
Of these regions Western Europe and North America score by far the highest on the Human Development Index, although it is worth noting that some countries (like Japan) in the other regions also have very high scores on the Human Development Index. Western Europe does tend to edge out North America, primarily as a result of higher life expectancy.
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Developing nations have a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other nations. Developing nations also tend to have .
Developing nations have a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other nations. Developing nations also tend to have .
Developing nations tend to have higher infant and child mortality rates. These high mortality rates are counterbalanced with higher fertility rates. Developing nations have lower literacy rates, lower incomes, and lower economic growth. Infant mortality is considered an effective baseline for measuring not only the quality of healthcare in a country, but also the overall quality of social services. Developing nations are so named in contrast with "Developed" or more wealthy nations, it does not necessarily refer to that nation experiencing economic growth.
Developing nations tend to have higher infant and child mortality rates. These high mortality rates are counterbalanced with higher fertility rates. Developing nations have lower literacy rates, lower incomes, and lower economic growth. Infant mortality is considered an effective baseline for measuring not only the quality of healthcare in a country, but also the overall quality of social services. Developing nations are so named in contrast with "Developed" or more wealthy nations, it does not necessarily refer to that nation experiencing economic growth.
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The Human Development Index (HDI) was created by the United Nations (UN) to measure a country's level of development. Development is the process of improving the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology. As the development process is continuous and constantly fluctuating, the HDI rating of any given country changes year to year. Categorization of development is simplified by terming countries as either developed or developing, based on what their HDI ranking is. A developed country has progressed further along the development continuum than a developing country and the UN considers these countries to have a very high development. A developing country has generally made some progress towards development but less than that of the developed countries. The UN further divides the developing countries into levels of "high", "medium", and "low" development.
The UN HDI considers development to be a function of three factors:
1.) A decent standard of living
2.) Access to knowledge
3.) A long and healthy life
Each country is given a score for each of the three factors, which are then combined into an overall HDI. The highest HDI possible is 1.0 (or 100%).
It is not surprising that the three most developed regions in the world according to the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI) are Australia, Europe, and North America. There are many regions of the world which have an overall low HDI ranking which is caused by only one or two of the factors considered in classifying rank. Which region of the world has the lowest HDI, mainly influenced by the low rank of the "long and healthy life" factor?
The Human Development Index (HDI) was created by the United Nations (UN) to measure a country's level of development. Development is the process of improving the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology. As the development process is continuous and constantly fluctuating, the HDI rating of any given country changes year to year. Categorization of development is simplified by terming countries as either developed or developing, based on what their HDI ranking is. A developed country has progressed further along the development continuum than a developing country and the UN considers these countries to have a very high development. A developing country has generally made some progress towards development but less than that of the developed countries. The UN further divides the developing countries into levels of "high", "medium", and "low" development.
The UN HDI considers development to be a function of three factors:
1.) A decent standard of living
2.) Access to knowledge
3.) A long and healthy life
Each country is given a score for each of the three factors, which are then combined into an overall HDI. The highest HDI possible is 1.0 (or 100%).
It is not surprising that the three most developed regions in the world according to the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI) are Australia, Europe, and North America. There are many regions of the world which have an overall low HDI ranking which is caused by only one or two of the factors considered in classifying rank. Which region of the world has the lowest HDI, mainly influenced by the low rank of the "long and healthy life" factor?
Sub-Saharan Africa has an HDI of only 0.4, the lowest of any region in the world. All other developing regions rank at a 0.5 or higher. Russia is the highest ranking of all the regions the UN deems as "developing" with an HDI of 0.72.
Why is Sub-Saharan Africa ranked so low? The answer is that their life expectancy is the shortest of anywhere in the world. There are many factors that cause the life-expectancy and overall health to be so low in Sub-Saharan Africa. The major cause for this is the AIDS epidemic which is a major crisis for this region of the world. Although the UN and other Government and Non-Government organizations have been helping with the AIDS crisis, it is still an incurable disease which has spread rapidly throughout Sub-Saharan Africa and continues to be the number one cause of death in this region. With many children being born with AIDS passed down from their parents, it is a challenge to get this crisis under control.
Lack of clean drinking water, lack of medical services, and minimal access to knowledge also influence the low life-expectancy and health in this region. With many people being contaminated with various diseases and viruses from their drinking water, combined with a shortage of medicines and medical facilities to treat patients in, unfortunately many people in this region die at a young age from otherwise curable illnesses. The minimal access to knowledge and low school attendance in areas that do provide education only worsens the problem as people are not educated on how to avoid getting sick and what to do to treat an illness. Providing access to education could prevent many deaths and help begin to contain the spread of the AIDS virus.
Sub-Saharan Africa has an HDI of only 0.4, the lowest of any region in the world. All other developing regions rank at a 0.5 or higher. Russia is the highest ranking of all the regions the UN deems as "developing" with an HDI of 0.72.
Why is Sub-Saharan Africa ranked so low? The answer is that their life expectancy is the shortest of anywhere in the world. There are many factors that cause the life-expectancy and overall health to be so low in Sub-Saharan Africa. The major cause for this is the AIDS epidemic which is a major crisis for this region of the world. Although the UN and other Government and Non-Government organizations have been helping with the AIDS crisis, it is still an incurable disease which has spread rapidly throughout Sub-Saharan Africa and continues to be the number one cause of death in this region. With many children being born with AIDS passed down from their parents, it is a challenge to get this crisis under control.
Lack of clean drinking water, lack of medical services, and minimal access to knowledge also influence the low life-expectancy and health in this region. With many people being contaminated with various diseases and viruses from their drinking water, combined with a shortage of medicines and medical facilities to treat patients in, unfortunately many people in this region die at a young age from otherwise curable illnesses. The minimal access to knowledge and low school attendance in areas that do provide education only worsens the problem as people are not educated on how to avoid getting sick and what to do to treat an illness. Providing access to education could prevent many deaths and help begin to contain the spread of the AIDS virus.
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Which of the following would not directly result in a higher human development index (HDI)?
Which of the following would not directly result in a higher human development index (HDI)?
The human development index (HDI) is calculated based off three indices: life expectancy index (LEI), education index (EI), and income index (II). The only answer choice that is not directly involved in any of the three indices is "higher cost of living." The HDI helps to classify countries into four tiers of human development.
The human development index (HDI) is calculated based off three indices: life expectancy index (LEI), education index (EI), and income index (II). The only answer choice that is not directly involved in any of the three indices is "higher cost of living." The HDI helps to classify countries into four tiers of human development.
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