Measures of Development - AP Human Geography

$GDP \div \text{population}$. Shows average economic output per person in a country.

An economic theory for determining the relative value of currencies. Adjusts for differences in cost of living between countries.

Does not account for income distribution or non-market transactions. GDP ignores wealth gaps and unpaid work like household labor.

Income inequality within a nation. Key indicator of how evenly wealth is distributed in society.

0 (perfect equality) to 1 (perfect inequality). Scale where 0 means everyone has equal income, 1 means one person has all income.

Percentage of people who can read and write in a given population. Basic educational indicator measuring functional literacy skills.

Development as a linear progression through five stages. Rostow's model of how economies progress through sequential phases.

A measure reflecting inequality in achievements between women and men. UN index quantifying gender-based disadvantages in development.

Reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation. Three key areas where gender inequality most significantly impacts development.

Maternal mortality ratio or adolescent birth rate. Health indicators specifically related to women's reproductive experiences.

The process of improving people's lives through better living standards and quality of life. Broader concept encompassing economic, social, and environmental progress.

It may oversimplify development by reducing it to three dimensions. HDI cannot capture cultural factors or subjective well-being.

An increase in the production of goods and services over a certain period. Quantitative measure of expanding economic activity and output.

Education, health, or living standards. MPI examines deprivations across these three fundamental life areas.

The total enrollment in education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population. Educational participation measure including over-age and under-age students.

The average income earned per person in a given area. Individual income measure showing economic well-being per person.

To measure the potential productivity of the next generation of workers. Assesses education and health investments for future economic productivity.

GDP does not account for environmental degradation. GDP fails to subtract environmental costs from economic gains.

Development meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet theirs. Balances current needs with long-term environmental and social responsibility.

Growth refers to output increase; development includes improvements in living standards. Development is more comprehensive, including social and environmental factors.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Expanded framework replacing MDGs with broader scope through 2030.

A measure that captures the multiple deprivations faced by poor people. Goes beyond income poverty to examine broader living conditions.

Gross Domestic Product. Standard acronym for measuring total economic output of a country.

Gross National Income. Standard acronym measuring total income earned by a country's residents.

Providing humanitarian aid and supporting sustainable development projects. Non-profit organizations filling gaps in government development efforts.

The unequal distribution of income and opportunity between different groups in society. Gap between rich and poor in income and life opportunities.

The general well-being of individuals and societies, outlining negative and positive features of life. Broader concept including happiness, health, and life satisfaction.

Literacy rate or life expectancy. Development measures beyond just income or economic output.

Economic activities not regulated by government or protected by legal frameworks. Underground economy operating outside official regulations and taxation.