Environmental Issues and Sustainability Practice Test

According to the text: Japan’s recycling culture is reinforced by municipal schedules and neighborhood expectations for separating ごみ (gomi, “waste”). The passage highlights technology—such as improved material-sorting facilities and tracking systems—alongside public education to strengthen 環境保全 (kankyō hozen, “environmental preservation”). It also notes national policies that encourage packaging reduction and producer responsibility, aiming to reduce waste generation rather than only process it. Which term best captures the approach to sustainability initiatives in the text?

According to the text: Japan’s postwar industrial expansion intensified city smog, leading to health concerns and demands for cleaner streets. The passage describes 対策 (taisaku, “measures”) such as emissions standards, industrial filtration, and expanded rail and bus networks, framed within protecting the 環境 (kankyō, “environment”). It also notes national support for energy efficiency and low-emission technologies, with local monitoring guiding ongoing adjustments. How does the passage describe the impact of air pollution on Japanese society?