Conservation of Electric Charge and Charging - AP Physics 2

Inward. Negative charges create inward-pointing field lines.

Coulomb (C). Named after Charles-Augustin de Coulomb.

The sphere becomes polarized. Electric field induces charge separation without contact.

$F = k \frac{|q_1 q_2|}{r^2}$. Force is proportional to product of charges, inversely to distance squared.

Charge redistribution in response to a nearby charge. External electric field causes internal charge separation.

$E = \frac{F}{q}$. Electric field is force per unit charge.

Inward. Negative charges create inward-pointing field lines.

Induces polarization. Electric field aligns dipoles in the insulating material.

1.$6 \times 10^{-19} \text{ C}$. The fundamental unit of electric charge in nature.

-8.$0 \times 10^{-19} \text{ C}$. Multiply 5 electrons by $-1.6 \times 10^{-19}$ C each.

Charge resides on the surface. Electric field inside conductor is zero in equilibrium.

+1.$6 \times 10^{-19} \text{ C}$. Equal in magnitude to elementary charge but positive.

Charging by conduction. Direct transfer of electrons through physical contact.

Net charge is transferred between objects. Electrons move from one object to another through contact.

A material that allows free movement of electric charge. Contains mobile charge carriers like free electrons.

Q. Standard symbol used in physics equations and formulas.

Charge exists in discrete packets, multiples of $e$. Charge comes in integer multiples of elementary charge.

Zero. Equal numbers of protons and electrons cancel out.

Process of neutralizing charge by connecting to Earth. Earth acts as an infinite charge reservoir.

A line that represents the direction of the electric field. Shows direction and relative strength of electric field.

Outward. Positive charges create outward-pointing field lines.

$U = k \frac{q_1 q_2}{r}$. Energy required to bring charges from infinity to distance $r$.

Force doubles. Force is directly proportional to charge magnitude.

Charge transfer by contact. Continuously transfers charge through moving belt mechanism.

Remains constant. Conservation of charge applies to all closed systems.

A material that resists the movement of electric charge. Electrons are tightly bound and cannot move freely.

Charging by induction. Charges separate due to electric field influence without touching.

Coulomb (C). Named after Charles-Augustin de Coulomb.

The sphere becomes polarized. Electric field induces charge separation without contact.