Social - AP Psychology

A child normally, if applicable, begins having imaginary companions at 4 years of age. During this time they are also expected to be able to hop on one foot, copy a cross, play cooperatively with other children, and express themselves clearly verbally. A child is not expected to be able to copy a square until age 5. Children learn to tie shoelaces and read by the age of 6.

Sternberg proposed a tri-pointed model of romantic love that he entitled, "Triangular Theory of Love." While communication is always at the core of a healthy relationship, it is not one of the three primary factors in his model whereas the remaining three responses listed in this question are. For Sternberg, intimacy, passion, and commitment coalesce into what he calls consummate love.

Bloom's Taxonomy contains six cognitive levels that a student progresses through as intellectual capacities increase. Here, they are listed in ascending order of complexity: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Bloom and his followers posited that by assessing a student's level of intellectual capacity, educators could best meet and test their students' learning development.

Bloom's Taxonomy contains six cognitive levels that a student progresses through as intellectual capacities increase. Here, they are listed in ascending order of complexity: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. According to Bloom, the level of "synthesis" is being exercised when the student is peicing together elments or parts to form a whole.

A child is expected to be able to catch a ball with both hands by 5 years. During this time they are also expected to be able to copy a square, skip using both feet, and may show romantic feelings for the opposite sex (4-5 years of age). At the age of 2, most children can kick a ball. At 3 years, most children can climb stairs using alternate feet. At the age of 4, children are expected to be able to catch a ball with their arms.

Projective tests are ask individuals to interpret ambiguous stimuli (e.g. un-captioned pictures, abstract images, or sounds) in order to make inferences about their unconscious drives, conflicts, and personality traits. The MMPI is not projective but instead consists of a personality inventory of questions that ask about the individual's behaviors and life experiences.

Cognitive dissonance is the theory that your attitudes and actions will eventually align; if they are not congruent, either your attitudes or your actions will change. In this case, Tony's attitude is changing to align with his actions (using online testing resources).

Solomon Ashe was most famous for his conformity study, the line test. The social psychologist most widely recognized for door in the face is Robert Cialdini.

Prosopagnosia is a condition distinguished by a loss in the ability to recognize faces. The condition is also known as "face blindness," and is typically the result of brain damage. This damage usually occurs in the fusiform gyrus, a region of the brain which is associated with facial recognition.

A lack of color vision is more often genetic in origin. Achromatopsia is a condition involving a lack of color vision. Other conditions may describe an inability to describe emotion or to distinguish between voice or produce speech, but none of these are classified under prosopagnosia.

Primary prevention refers to efforts to prevent mental illnesses before they occur. These efforts aim to increase access to quality health care, education, and parenting classes—these factors can help protect individuals against experiencing mental illness. Psychotherapy, medical interventions (e.g. medications), and group therapy are all examples of intervention, not primary prevention.

According to Baumrind (1966), permissive parents do not establish themselves as role models or authority figures. Instead, they act more like peers, allowing their children to do as they please. Baumrind's work suggested that the most effective style of parenting is authoritative, which combines the warmth and compassion of permissive parenting with the boundary setting that is characteristic of authoritarian parenting.

Companionate love occurs after a long period of partner union. It lacks the passion associated with the first 5-10 years of a relationship, by Sternberg's model. This is the difference between companionate love and consummate love, which includes passion, commitment and intimacy.

Stranger anxiety begins around 7 months and lasts until 11 months. Of note, separation anxiety can set in between 12-15 months. At 1-6 months is too young to demonstrate these characteristics, so babies are typically comfortable with strangers during this time.

The response of an organism to stress is known as adaptation; this is the adjustment of an organism to a change in internal or external conditions or circumstances, i.e.stress.

Anxiety is an uneasy feeling of discomfort or dread, the source of which is often unknown to the individual. It is distress caused by fear. Adjustment is the action of bringing a body part into alignment with the others. This is also referred to as manipulation. Assimilation is the absorption of newly perceived information into the person's existing conscious structure. Accommodation is the adjustment of the lens of the eye to focus on images at various distances.

A diathesis is a predisposition towards the development of a particular mental illness. It could be a genetic defect or an anatomical abnormality (ex. a biochemical disorder that leads to mental illness). According to the diathesis-stress model, individuals develop mental illnesses in response to a combination of stressful circumstances and genetic predispositions.

According to the diathesis-stress model, mental disorders are the result of a predisposition to mental illness and a stressful life event. In this theory, genetic abnormalities do not automatically result in mood disorders (e.g. like depression). They will only result in mental illnesses when combined with a traumatic life event, (e.g. the loss of a parent or abuse).

Many researchers believe that individuals have characteristic means of coping, even across a variety of stressful situations. Some individuals rely on healthy habits like seeking social support, relaxation techniques, or religion, while others turn to unhealthy coping behaviors such as alcohol or other controlled substances. A high level of perceived control over one's life can help individuals deal with difficult events.

Eustress describes a stress we have "enjoyed” (e.g. getting into college or starting a new job). The experience is taxing; however, these are enjoyable tasks that advance our development. Note the prefix “eu” that is from the Greek meaning good, well, true, or genuine. It is used in words such as euthymia (a pleasant mood state), euthanasia (literally, good death), and Eucharist.

The goal of cognitive behavior therapy is to modify maladaptive cognitions (thoughts). The goal of traditional psychoanalysis is to "increase insight" into the unconscious. Psychoanalysis may also work to reduce resistance to treatment, and sees resistance as an inevitable part of the process. Psychoanalysis attempts to decrease, rather than increase, the use of defense mechanisms like repression. Psychoanalysis does not directly modify behavior. Crisis intervention focuses on resolving a crisis and restoring previous functioning.

Animism, or the belief that objects are alive and have personalities, is a common childhood belief, which was extensively studied by Jean Piaget. Piaget attributed animism to a failure of the child to distinguish its own interior world from its exterior world.