Social Psychology - AP Psychology

Adolescents are more concerned with their self-understanding than children. Erik Erikson described this period of development as "identity versus role confusion." Adolescence is the period during which we establish our identity; children do not yet think about such complex issues. Following adolescence, adults carry the identity established and continue to re-evaluate their standing and role with respect to their self-understanding.

Adolescents deny their negative characteristics in order to protect themselves while on their quest for self-understanding. They do not necessarily isolate themselves from all types of people, nor do all of them make many friends just because they are afraid to be alone.

Since we don't know why the student had an unusually busy schedule, and whether or not he blames himself, we cannot determine if this is internal or external attribution. However, since he blames the grade on temporary factors, rather than something permanent, such as "being unlucky," we can determine that he is making an unstable attribution.

Milgram led people to believe that they were shocking a person in another room in response to incorrect answers on a memory test. The levels of shock administered by some got to be deadly and the person being "shocked" (they were an actor) repeatedly cried out in pain. Many people in the study obeyed the researcher, especially if the researcher was from a presitigious university. The effect was also stronger in unfamiliar environments.

In Adolescence by John Santrock, male behaviors are said to have been taught as masculine, although they lack social approval. As a result, doing things like engaging in premarital sex, drinking alcohol and taking drugs, and participating in delinquent activities, make adolescent males feel like they are being manly and masculine.

Contrary to "opposites attract," more generally speaking we are attracted to people who are very similar to us physically, emotionally, morally, and interest-wise. More than this, the more we see a person, the more we will like them. If they return positive feelings, than we will like them even more!

An injunctive norm is constructed when there is a set of expected behaviors in a designated space or place, such as whispering in a library. Injunctive norms are socially constructed behaviors of what one “ought to do.” On the other hand, descriptive norms represent behaviors that are accompanied by a pattern.

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that interacts with the brain's reward and pleasure centers, while oxytocin and vasopressin are known as the "hormones of attachment". The Pink Lens Effect refers to the feeling a person in love often has that convinces him/her that his/her loved one is perfect and can do no wrong.

In 1971, Philip Zimbardo and his team of research assistants ran the infamous Stanford Prison Experiment. For six days, they studied the psychological effects of being a prisoner or prison guard. The experiment was supposed to run for two full weeks, but abruptly ended due to significant abuse between the guards and the prisoners.

While individual experiences of grief certainly vary, and some grievers may not even experience all five stages, the grieving process is usually described as a procession from immediate denial into anger, then through bargaining and depression before one can finally reach acceptance.

Social loafing is a social phenomenon whereby an individual makes less effort towards a goal when they are working towards it with others. The most relatable example is when students are put together for projects at school. In these circumstances, there is considerably less effort put into the project than if everyone was working separately.

In order to guide adolescents' gender development, one should encourage girls to be more self-assertive, encourage boys to be less physically aggressive, and encourage boys to be more sensitive in relationships. This is because children and adolescents are usually taught to do things within their gender roles, which means they are also taught to not do things that are not in their gender roles. So, instead of teaching boys to be insensitive, they should be taught to be more sensitive and less aggressive. Girls are usually assumed to be passive, so they should be taught to be a little more self-assertive.

Dispositional attribution is when we attribute a person's actions to their internal dispositions, such as personality, talents, emotional state, etc. We see the behavior as being caused by something internal to that person as opposed to attributing it to their environment.

Although the concept of "self-fulfilling prophecy" has existed for centuries and was a popular one in Ancient Greece, it was officially coined by the famous sociologist Robert K. Merton in the 20th century.

The answer here is "stereotype threat." When individuals are reminded of a negative stereotype about a group they belong to, it results in scoring lower on tests or assessments. The other answers are not real phenomena/threats.

This is a display of the fundamental attribution error because you failed to consider situational factors. Instead, you accredited your friends knowledge to dispositional attribution or behavior that results from internal characteristics.

Because joining a cult often requires a dramatic shift in one's behavior and philosophies, people who are reluctant to disrupt their own status quo are less likely to join a cult, no matter how enticing their recruiters' promises may be.

Each factor listed introduces the possibility of harm to a potential actor, be it a minor inconvenience or a greater physical threat, making them more reluctant to aid someone else.

Instrumental aggression is an act of aggression that is designed to meet a particular goal. This act could be made at the individual or societal level. A good example would be particular wars in which countries fought over food, water, or other resources needed or wanted to maintain their society. This is different from hostile aggression, which could be random with no specific cause or end goal.

Solomon Asch is most well-known for his social psychology studies on conformity. Individuals are most likely to conform when they are in a group. Social normative refers to the influence other people have on an individual that leads to conformity, driven by a desire to fit in. If an individual has not yet voiced their opinions, they are also more likely to conform to a group's view. Outside influences such as these have a major impact on conformity.