AP Statistics Help - Learn by Concept

Learn by Concept

Concepts

• AP Statistics

  • Data

    • Bivariate Data

      • How to create residual plots

      • How to do logarithmic transformations

      • How to find correlation

      • How to find linearity

      • How to find outliers

      • How to find the least-squares regression line

    • Data Collection

      • Census And Studies+2 topics

        • How to conduct a census

        • How to conduct an observational study

      • How to conduct a sample survey+7 topics

        • How to define a sample set

        • How to define a survey population

        • How to do a random selection for a survey

        • How to do cluster sampling

        • How to do simple random sampling

        • How to do stratified random sampling

        • How to identify sources of bias in a survey

      • How to conduct an experiment+8 topics

        • How to conduct matched pairs experiments

        • How to define control groups in an experiment

        • How to define experimental units

        • How to do random assignments in an experiment

        • How to establish blind experiments

        • How to identify confounding factors in an experiment

        • How to identify sources of bias in an experiment

        • How to identify the placebo effect in an experiment

    • Graphing Data

      • How to interpret dotplots

      • How to interpret histograms

      • How to interpret stemplots

    • Univariate Data

      • Data Sets And Z-scores+2 topics

        • How to find descriptive data from a z-score

        • How to find z-scores for a data set

      • Univariate Data Descriptors+8 topics

        • How to find the interquartile range for a set of data

        • How to find the mean for a set of data

        • How to find the median for a set of data

        • How to find the percentiles for a data set

        • How to find the quartiles for a set of data

        • How to find the range for a set of data

        • How to find the standard deviation for a set of data

        • How to use boxplots to summarize a data set

  • Inference

    • Estimation

      • Confidence Intervals+10 topics

        • Confidence and Proportion+2 topics

          • How to find confidence intervals for a difference between two proportions

          • How to find confidence intervals for a proportion

        • Confidence Intervals and Mean+3 topics

          • How to find confidence intervals for a difference between paired means

          • How to find confidence intervals for a difference between unpaired means

          • How to find confidence intervals for a mean

        • Confidence Intervals and Regression+2 topics

          • How to find confidence intervals

          • How to find confidence intervals for the slope of a least-squares regression line

      • Estimates+4 topics

        • How to estimate margins of errors

        • How to estimate population parameters

        • How to find point estimators

        • How to identify variability in estimations

    • Significance

      • Defining Errors+2 topics

        • How to define a Type I error

        • How to define a Type II error

      • Large Sample Proportions+1 topic

        • How to do large sample tests of significance for differences between two proportions

      • Mean and Linear Regression+3 topics

        • How to do tests of significance for a difference between two means

        • How to do tests of significance for a mean

        • How to test of significance for the slope of a least-squares regression line

      • Significance Logic and Establishing Hypotheses+5 topics

        • How to do one-sided tests of significance

        • How to do two-sided tests of significance

        • How to establish a null hypothesis

        • How to establish an alternate hypothesis

        • How to find p-values

  • Statistical Patterns and Random Phenomena

    • Independent Random Variable Combination

      • Dependence and Independence+2 topics

        • How to identify dependent variables

        • How to identify independent variables

      • Measures of Independent Random Variables+2 topics

        • How to find the mean of the sum of independent random variables

        • How to find the standard deviation of the sum of independent random variables

    • Normal Distribution

      • How to identify characteristics of a normal distribution

      • How to use tables of normal distribution

    • Probability

      • Independent and Dependent Events+2 topics

        • How to apply conditional probability

        • How to identify independent events

      • Random Variables+5 topics

        • How to do the linear transformation of a random variable

        • How to find mean of a random variable

        • How to find probability distributions for discrete random variables

        • How to find standard deviation of a random variable

        • How to simulate random behavior

      • Rules of Probability+2 topics

        • How to use the addition rule

        • How to use the multiplication rule

    • Sampling Distributions

      • Measures of Distributions+2 topics

        • How to find the chi-square distribution

        • How to find the t-distribution

      • Properties of Single Sample Distributions+3 topics

        • How to find sampling distribution of a sample mean

        • How to find sampling distribution of a sample proportion

        • How to use the Central Limit Theorem

• High School: Statistics & Probability

  • Conditional Probability & the Rules of Probability

    • Apply and Interpret the Addition Rule: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-CP.B.7

    • Conditional Probability as Fraction of Outcomes: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-CP.B.6

    • Describe Events as Subsets of a Sample Space: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-CP.A.1

    • Explain Conditional Probability and Independence: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-CP.A.5

    • General Multiplication Rule in a Uniform Probability Model: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-CP.B.8

    • Independent Events: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-CP.A.2

    • Permutations and Combinations of Compound Events: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-CP.B.9

    • Two-Way Frequency Tables: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-CP.A.4

    • Understand Conditional Probability and Interpreting Independence: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-CP.A.3

  • Interpreting Categorical & Quantitative Data

    • Compute and Interpret the Correlation Coefficient of a Linear Fit: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-ID.C.8

    • Correlation vs. Causation: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-ID.C.9

    • Fit a Function to the Data: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-ID.B.6a

    • Fit a Linear Function for a Scatter Plot: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-ID.B.6c

    • Fitting Data Sets to Normal Distribution and Estimating Area Under the Curve: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-ID.A.4

    • Interpret Difference in Shape of Data Distribution: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-ID.A.3

    • Interpret Slope and Intercept of a Linear Model: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-ID.C.7

    • Plotting and Analyzing Residuals: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-ID.B.6b

    • Represent Data with Plots: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-ID.A.1

    • Summarize Interpret Categorical Data in Two-Way Frequency Tables: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-ID.B.5

    • Two Quantitative Variables on a Scatter Plot: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-ID.B.6

    • Use Statistics to Compare Center and Spread of Data Distribution: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-ID.A.2

  • Making Inferences & Justifying Conclusions

    • Compare Two Treatments from Randomized Experiment: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-IC.B.5

    • Estimate Population Mean and Margin of Error: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-IC.B.4

    • Evaluate Reports Based on Data: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-IC.B.6

    • Making Inferences about Population Parameters from Random Sample: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-IC.A.1

    • Randomization of Sample Surveys, Experiments, and Observational Studies: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-IC.B.3

    • Simulations for Models: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-IC.A.2

  • Using Probability to Make Decisions

    • Assigning Numerical Value to Events in Sample Space and Graph Probability Distribution: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-MD.A.1

    • Develop Probability Distribution for Random Variable with Empirically Assigned Probabilities: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-MD.A.4

    • Develop Probability Distribution for Random Variable with Theoretically Probabilities: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-MD.A.3

    • Evaluate and Compare Strategies of Expected Values: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-MD.B.5b

    • Expected Payoff for a Game of Chance: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-MD.B.5a

    • Expected Value of Random Variable: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-MD.A.2

    • Possible Outcomes by Assigning Probabilities vs. Finding Expected Values: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-MD.B.5

    • Probability Concepts to Analyze Decisions and Strategies: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-MD.B.7

    • Use Probabilities to Make Fair Decisions: CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-MD.B.6