1901–1945 - AP U.S. History
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Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print; Artist = Billy Ireland, 1912. LOC Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-34356 (b&w film copy neg.). No known restrictions on publication.
In the 1912 Presidential election, which philosophical difference does this cartoon represent between Theodore Roosevelt of the Progressive Party and Woodrow Wilson of the Democratic Party?
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print; Artist = Billy Ireland, 1912. LOC Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-34356 (b&w film copy neg.). No known restrictions on publication.
In the 1912 Presidential election, which philosophical difference does this cartoon represent between Theodore Roosevelt of the Progressive Party and Woodrow Wilson of the Democratic Party?
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After failing to win the Republican nomination for president in 1912, Theodore Roosevelt formed the Progressive Party. This created a four-way race between Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson for the Democrats, Howard Taft for the Republicans and Eugene V. Debs for the Socialist Party of America. Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" campaign advocated for a strong federal government while Wilson's "New Freedom" campaign advocated for individual rights.
After failing to win the Republican nomination for president in 1912, Theodore Roosevelt formed the Progressive Party. This created a four-way race between Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson for the Democrats, Howard Taft for the Republicans and Eugene V. Debs for the Socialist Party of America. Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" campaign advocated for a strong federal government while Wilson's "New Freedom" campaign advocated for individual rights.
Image by Karl K. Knecht, Evansville Courier, 1912.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TR-Chemist-1912.JPG
This 1912 political cartoon is making the point that .
Image by Karl K. Knecht, Evansville Courier, 1912.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TR-Chemist-1912.JPG
This 1912 political cartoon is making the point that .
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The cartoon shows "Radical Spice," "Conservative Views," and "Pure Democracy" in the foreground with Roosevelt appearing to stir in a little bit of everything in the "Teddy Speech" bowl. There is no clear indication that the Progressive Party was moderate since we can't see which specific views Roosevelt is adding to his speech. Roosevelt is saying, "The more you mix in, the easier it is to satisfy everyone." Although Roosevelt is clearly trying to appeal to a wide range of political ideologies, there is no proof in the cartoon that he has succeeded. It is implied that Roosevelt will say anything to get elected, however, the fact that he is stirring the speech with a whisk that says "Progressivism" indicates that these are the official views of the Progressive Party. Therefore the best answer is that the Progressive Party does not have a clear agenda.
The cartoon shows "Radical Spice," "Conservative Views," and "Pure Democracy" in the foreground with Roosevelt appearing to stir in a little bit of everything in the "Teddy Speech" bowl. There is no clear indication that the Progressive Party was moderate since we can't see which specific views Roosevelt is adding to his speech. Roosevelt is saying, "The more you mix in, the easier it is to satisfy everyone." Although Roosevelt is clearly trying to appeal to a wide range of political ideologies, there is no proof in the cartoon that he has succeeded. It is implied that Roosevelt will say anything to get elected, however, the fact that he is stirring the speech with a whisk that says "Progressivism" indicates that these are the official views of the Progressive Party. Therefore the best answer is that the Progressive Party does not have a clear agenda.
We have never any wish to interfere in the political conditions of any other countries. Especially are we determined not to become implicated in the political controversies of the Old World. With a great deal of hesitation, we have responded to appeals for help to maintain order, protect life and property, and establish responsible government in some of the small countries of the Western Hemisphere. Our private citizens have advanced large sums of money to assist in the necessary financing and relief of the Old World. We have not failed, nor shall we fail to respond, whenever necessary to mitigate human suffering and assist in the rehabilitation of distressed nations. These, too, are requirements which must be met by reason of our vast powers and the place we hold in the world.
Passage adapted from Calvin Coolidge's "Inaugural Address" (March 4, 1925)
What foreign policy principle that dominated this period of of American history is espoused in this passage and what historical event brought radical change to this way of thinking?
We have never any wish to interfere in the political conditions of any other countries. Especially are we determined not to become implicated in the political controversies of the Old World. With a great deal of hesitation, we have responded to appeals for help to maintain order, protect life and property, and establish responsible government in some of the small countries of the Western Hemisphere. Our private citizens have advanced large sums of money to assist in the necessary financing and relief of the Old World. We have not failed, nor shall we fail to respond, whenever necessary to mitigate human suffering and assist in the rehabilitation of distressed nations. These, too, are requirements which must be met by reason of our vast powers and the place we hold in the world.
Passage adapted from Calvin Coolidge's "Inaugural Address" (March 4, 1925)
What foreign policy principle that dominated this period of of American history is espoused in this passage and what historical event brought radical change to this way of thinking?
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The first sentence of the passage is the textbook definition of isolationism, and is a fairly understandable position given the damage America suffered in World War I, which had ended only a few years prior, and American hostility to further foreign intervention. Calvin Coolidge considered the 1920 Republican victory as a rejection of the Wilsonian position that the United States should join the League of Nations and continued that position in his own administration. Presidents continued to espouse some version of this theory, though it eroded slightly under FDR's administration, until 1941, when the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor forced the country's hand into intervention in World War II.
The first sentence of the passage is the textbook definition of isolationism, and is a fairly understandable position given the damage America suffered in World War I, which had ended only a few years prior, and American hostility to further foreign intervention. Calvin Coolidge considered the 1920 Republican victory as a rejection of the Wilsonian position that the United States should join the League of Nations and continued that position in his own administration. Presidents continued to espouse some version of this theory, though it eroded slightly under FDR's administration, until 1941, when the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor forced the country's hand into intervention in World War II.
What viewpoint is this cartoon expressing about Theodore Roosevelt (right) and his opponent in the 1904 election, Alton B. Parker (left)?
What viewpoint is this cartoon expressing about Theodore Roosevelt (right) and his opponent in the 1904 election, Alton B. Parker (left)?
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In this Puck cartoon, Democratic presidential nominee Alton B. Parker wields an axe in preparation for pruning the vines of “Extravagance,” “Militarism,” “High Tariff,” and “Trusts,” that are strangling the national “Tree of Prosperity.” The malevolent growths are being watered by a grinning President Theodore Roosevelt, who is dressed in his Rough-Rider military uniform. This indicates that the artist thought that Roosevelt supported the "vines" that were decreasing American prosperity, while Parker would but the "vines" and presumably increase prosperity again.
In this Puck cartoon, Democratic presidential nominee Alton B. Parker wields an axe in preparation for pruning the vines of “Extravagance,” “Militarism,” “High Tariff,” and “Trusts,” that are strangling the national “Tree of Prosperity.” The malevolent growths are being watered by a grinning President Theodore Roosevelt, who is dressed in his Rough-Rider military uniform. This indicates that the artist thought that Roosevelt supported the "vines" that were decreasing American prosperity, while Parker would but the "vines" and presumably increase prosperity again.
"The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.
When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.
This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution."
Which political movement was behind the adoption of this amendment?
"The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.
When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.
This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution."
Which political movement was behind the adoption of this amendment?
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The Progressive Movement lasted roughly from the 1890's to the 1920's. It was a period of social activism and political reform in response to the economic inequality of the Gilded Age. Among its lasting political achievements was the adoption of the 17th Amendment in 1913, which provided for the direct election of Senators by the people.
The Progressive Movement lasted roughly from the 1890's to the 1920's. It was a period of social activism and political reform in response to the economic inequality of the Gilded Age. Among its lasting political achievements was the adoption of the 17th Amendment in 1913, which provided for the direct election of Senators by the people.
"The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.
When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.
This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution."
What substantive change did this amendment make to the Constitution?
"The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.
When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.
This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution."
What substantive change did this amendment make to the Constitution?
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This text is the 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. It was proposed in 1912 and ratified in 1913. It made a substantive change to the Constitution by providing for the direct election of Senators by the people. Until that time, Senators were appointed by state legislatures.
This text is the 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. It was proposed in 1912 and ratified in 1913. It made a substantive change to the Constitution by providing for the direct election of Senators by the people. Until that time, Senators were appointed by state legislatures.
"In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression—everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way—everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want—which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants everywhere in the world. The fourth is freedom from fear—which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor—anywhere in the world."
Who delivered this speech?
"In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression—everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way—everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want—which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants everywhere in the world. The fourth is freedom from fear—which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor—anywhere in the world."
Who delivered this speech?
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FDR's State of the Union address in 1941 has become known as the "Four Freedoms" speech. It was delivered on January 10, 1941 to Congress. The Four Freedoms are:
- Freedom of speech
- Freedom of worship
- Freedom from want
- Freedom from fear
FDR's State of the Union address in 1941 has become known as the "Four Freedoms" speech. It was delivered on January 10, 1941 to Congress. The Four Freedoms are:
- Freedom of speech
- Freedom of worship
- Freedom from want
- Freedom from fear
"In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression—everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way—everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want—which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants everywhere in the world. The fourth is freedom from fear—which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor—anywhere in the world."
What event precipitated the delivery of this speech?
"In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression—everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way—everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want—which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants everywhere in the world. The fourth is freedom from fear—which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor—anywhere in the world."
What event precipitated the delivery of this speech?
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This excerpt, from FDR's "Four Freedoms" speech, was in response to World War II in Europe. Germany had advanced across the European continent and the Battle of Britain would take place that year. FDR was seeking to combat isolationist attitudes at home, which opposed U.S. involvement in the war.
This excerpt, from FDR's "Four Freedoms" speech, was in response to World War II in Europe. Germany had advanced across the European continent and the Battle of Britain would take place that year. FDR was seeking to combat isolationist attitudes at home, which opposed U.S. involvement in the war.
“The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.
He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise.
He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice...
He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns.”
- Seneca Falls Convention, Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, 1848
In the latter half of the nineteenth century, the Women's Rights movement experienced a divide due to differing opinions on which of the following issues?
“The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.
He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise.
He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice...
He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns.”
- Seneca Falls Convention, Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, 1848
In the latter half of the nineteenth century, the Women's Rights movement experienced a divide due to differing opinions on which of the following issues?
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By the 1870s, different figures active in the Women's Rights movement were divided over the issue of the Fifteenth Amendment, which ensured suffrage for African American males but did not extend that right to women.
By the 1870s, different figures active in the Women's Rights movement were divided over the issue of the Fifteenth Amendment, which ensured suffrage for African American males but did not extend that right to women.
"I dissent, because I think the indisputable facts exhibit a clear violation of Constitutional rights.
This is not a case of keeping people off the streets at night...nor a case of temporary exclusion of a citizen from an area for his own safety or that of the community, nor a case of offering him an opportunity to go temporarily out of an area where his presence might cause danger to himself or to his fellows. On the contrary, it is the case of convicting a citizen as a punishment for not submitting to imprisonment in a concentration camp, based on his ancestry, and solely because of his ancestry, without evidence or inquiry concerning his loyalty and good disposition towards the United States. If this be a correct statement of the facts disclosed by this record, and facts of which we take judicial notice, I need hardly labor the conclusion that Constitutional rights have been violated."
What U.S. Supreme Court decision is this Justice dissenting from?
"I dissent, because I think the indisputable facts exhibit a clear violation of Constitutional rights.
This is not a case of keeping people off the streets at night...nor a case of temporary exclusion of a citizen from an area for his own safety or that of the community, nor a case of offering him an opportunity to go temporarily out of an area where his presence might cause danger to himself or to his fellows. On the contrary, it is the case of convicting a citizen as a punishment for not submitting to imprisonment in a concentration camp, based on his ancestry, and solely because of his ancestry, without evidence or inquiry concerning his loyalty and good disposition towards the United States. If this be a correct statement of the facts disclosed by this record, and facts of which we take judicial notice, I need hardly labor the conclusion that Constitutional rights have been violated."
What U.S. Supreme Court decision is this Justice dissenting from?
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In Korematsu v. United States (1944), the constitutionality of the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II was challenged. By a 6-3 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that this forced internment in detention camps was constitutional because of national security concerns. It remains one of the most controversial Supreme Court decisions. This dissent is by Justice Roberts.
In Korematsu v. United States (1944), the constitutionality of the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II was challenged. By a 6-3 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that this forced internment in detention camps was constitutional because of national security concerns. It remains one of the most controversial Supreme Court decisions. This dissent is by Justice Roberts.
An editorial cartoon published in 1913 depicting J.P. Morgan.
J.P. Morgan was depicted in this cartoon as responding to the passage of the Clayton Act. What laws did the Clayton Act strengthen?
An editorial cartoon published in 1913 depicting J.P. Morgan.
J.P. Morgan was depicted in this cartoon as responding to the passage of the Clayton Act. What laws did the Clayton Act strengthen?
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The Clayton Act was passed in 1914 to strength U.S. antitrust law. Its purpose was to provide substance and necessary clarification to the Sherman Act, which was passed in 1890. Together, these two acts formed the early basis of antitrust regulation in the United States.
The Clayton Act was passed in 1914 to strength U.S. antitrust law. Its purpose was to provide substance and necessary clarification to the Sherman Act, which was passed in 1890. Together, these two acts formed the early basis of antitrust regulation in the United States.
Which country was not a founding member of the League of Nations?
Which country was not a founding member of the League of Nations?
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Although Woodrow Wilson was instrumental in proposing the League of Nations following World War I, the US Senate never ratified the treaty. This was a direct result of Wilson's refusal to compromise with the Republican Senate Majority Leader, Henry Cabot Lodge.
Although Woodrow Wilson was instrumental in proposing the League of Nations following World War I, the US Senate never ratified the treaty. This was a direct result of Wilson's refusal to compromise with the Republican Senate Majority Leader, Henry Cabot Lodge.
The following is an excerpt from the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, delivered in 1905:
...In asserting the Monroe Doctrine, in taking such steps as we have taken in regard to Cuba, Venezuela, and Panama, and in endeavoring to circumscribe the theater of war in the Far East, and to secure the open door in China, we have acted in our own interest as well as in the interest of humanity at large... Ordinarily it is very much wiser and more useful for us to concern ourselves with striving for our own moral and material betterment here at home than to concern ourselves with trying to better the condition of things in other nations... Nevertheless there are occasional crimes committed on so vast a scale and of such peculiar horror as to make us doubt whether it is not our manifest duty to endeavor at least to show our disapproval of the deed and our sympathy with those who have suffered by it."
When mentioning "occasional crimes on so vast a scale," to what incident is Roosevelt most likely referring?
The following is an excerpt from the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, delivered in 1905:
...In asserting the Monroe Doctrine, in taking such steps as we have taken in regard to Cuba, Venezuela, and Panama, and in endeavoring to circumscribe the theater of war in the Far East, and to secure the open door in China, we have acted in our own interest as well as in the interest of humanity at large... Ordinarily it is very much wiser and more useful for us to concern ourselves with striving for our own moral and material betterment here at home than to concern ourselves with trying to better the condition of things in other nations... Nevertheless there are occasional crimes committed on so vast a scale and of such peculiar horror as to make us doubt whether it is not our manifest duty to endeavor at least to show our disapproval of the deed and our sympathy with those who have suffered by it."
When mentioning "occasional crimes on so vast a scale," to what incident is Roosevelt most likely referring?
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Although the sinking of the Maine happened before Roosevelt took office, the subsequent U.S. invasion of Cuba was the beginning of American involvement in Latin America, a policy that the Roosevelt Corollary attempts to justify.
The other answers all reflect events that occurred during or just before Roosevelt's presidency, but are not the best selections because they are either unrelated to foreign policy, or unrelated to Latin America.
Although the sinking of the Maine happened before Roosevelt took office, the subsequent U.S. invasion of Cuba was the beginning of American involvement in Latin America, a policy that the Roosevelt Corollary attempts to justify.
The other answers all reflect events that occurred during or just before Roosevelt's presidency, but are not the best selections because they are either unrelated to foreign policy, or unrelated to Latin America.
The following is an excerpt from the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, delivered in 1905:
"...In asserting the Monroe Doctrine, in taking such steps as we have taken in regard to Cuba, Venezuela, and Panama, and in endeavoring to circumscribe the theater of war in the Far East, and to secure the open door in China, we have acted in our own interest as well as in the interest of humanity at large... Ordinarily it is very much wiser and more useful for us to concern ourselves with striving for our own moral and material betterment here at home than to concern ourselves with trying to better the condition of things in other nations... Nevertheless there are occasional crimes committed on so vast a scale and of such peculiar horror as to make us doubt whether it is not our manifest duty to endeavor at least to show our disapproval of the deed and our sympathy with those who have suffered by it."
Which of the following best describes the relationship between the Roosevelt Corollary and the Good Neighbor policy, implemented by Franklin Roosevelt in 1933?
The following is an excerpt from the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, delivered in 1905:
"...In asserting the Monroe Doctrine, in taking such steps as we have taken in regard to Cuba, Venezuela, and Panama, and in endeavoring to circumscribe the theater of war in the Far East, and to secure the open door in China, we have acted in our own interest as well as in the interest of humanity at large... Ordinarily it is very much wiser and more useful for us to concern ourselves with striving for our own moral and material betterment here at home than to concern ourselves with trying to better the condition of things in other nations... Nevertheless there are occasional crimes committed on so vast a scale and of such peculiar horror as to make us doubt whether it is not our manifest duty to endeavor at least to show our disapproval of the deed and our sympathy with those who have suffered by it."
Which of the following best describes the relationship between the Roosevelt Corollary and the Good Neighbor policy, implemented by Franklin Roosevelt in 1933?
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After many US occupations of Latin American countries in the period 1901-1933, Franklin Roosevelt officially reversed the course of American foreign policy there, withdrawing troops from Haiti and Nicaragua and signing a treaty to annul the Platt Amendment over Cuba.
After many US occupations of Latin American countries in the period 1901-1933, Franklin Roosevelt officially reversed the course of American foreign policy there, withdrawing troops from Haiti and Nicaragua and signing a treaty to annul the Platt Amendment over Cuba.
The following is an excerpt from the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, delivered in 1905:
...In asserting the Monroe Doctrine, in taking such steps as we have taken in regard to Cuba, Venezuela, and Panama, and in endeavoring to circumscribe the theater of war in the Far East, and to secure the open door in China, we have acted in our own interest as well as in the interest of humanity at large... Ordinarily it is very much wiser and more useful for us to concern ourselves with striving for our own moral and material betterment here at home than to concern ourselves with trying to better the condition of things in other nations... Nevertheless there are occasional crimes committed on so vast a scale and of such peculiar horror as to make us doubt whether it is not our manifest duty to endeavor at least to show our disapproval of the deed and our sympathy with those who have suffered by it."
When Roosevelt refers to "the theater of war in the Far East," what conflict is he most likely discussing?
The following is an excerpt from the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, delivered in 1905:
...In asserting the Monroe Doctrine, in taking such steps as we have taken in regard to Cuba, Venezuela, and Panama, and in endeavoring to circumscribe the theater of war in the Far East, and to secure the open door in China, we have acted in our own interest as well as in the interest of humanity at large... Ordinarily it is very much wiser and more useful for us to concern ourselves with striving for our own moral and material betterment here at home than to concern ourselves with trying to better the condition of things in other nations... Nevertheless there are occasional crimes committed on so vast a scale and of such peculiar horror as to make us doubt whether it is not our manifest duty to endeavor at least to show our disapproval of the deed and our sympathy with those who have suffered by it."
When Roosevelt refers to "the theater of war in the Far East," what conflict is he most likely discussing?
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In 1905, the same year of the Roosevelt Corollary, President Roosevelt offered to broker a peace between Japan and Russia, who were battling over territory in Manchuria. The Treaty of Portsmouth ended the Russo-Japanese war and won Roosevelt the Nobel Peace Prize.
Of the other options, only the Philippine Revolution occurred close to Roosevelt's presidency, but by 1905 the Philippines was no longer a theater of war, but a U.S. protectorate.
In 1905, the same year of the Roosevelt Corollary, President Roosevelt offered to broker a peace between Japan and Russia, who were battling over territory in Manchuria. The Treaty of Portsmouth ended the Russo-Japanese war and won Roosevelt the Nobel Peace Prize.
Of the other options, only the Philippine Revolution occurred close to Roosevelt's presidency, but by 1905 the Philippines was no longer a theater of war, but a U.S. protectorate.
The League of Nations came into being after the end of World War I as a means to prevent future wars and to bring stability to a world in turmoil as a result of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. World leaders, including American President Woodrow Wilson, recognized that to avoid war it would be necessary to create an international organization to maintain world peace and mediate disputes that may arise between nations. The League of Nations was opposed in the United States by many government leaders. America was experiencing a return to isolationism at this time and Article 10 became the stumbling block for approval of the League of Nations in America. The most well-known opponent was Henry Cabot Lodge. Article 10 of the League of Nations reads as follows:
“The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League. In case of any such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression the Council shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.”
The Treaty of Versailles (June 1919), The League of Nations, Article 10.
What were the objections to the League of Nations by American leaders such as Henry Cabot Lodge?
The League of Nations came into being after the end of World War I as a means to prevent future wars and to bring stability to a world in turmoil as a result of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. World leaders, including American President Woodrow Wilson, recognized that to avoid war it would be necessary to create an international organization to maintain world peace and mediate disputes that may arise between nations. The League of Nations was opposed in the United States by many government leaders. America was experiencing a return to isolationism at this time and Article 10 became the stumbling block for approval of the League of Nations in America. The most well-known opponent was Henry Cabot Lodge. Article 10 of the League of Nations reads as follows:
“The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League. In case of any such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression the Council shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.”
The Treaty of Versailles (June 1919), The League of Nations, Article 10.
What were the objections to the League of Nations by American leaders such as Henry Cabot Lodge?
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Henry Cabot Lodge and many other government and political leaders rejected the League of Nations because they felt it would result in the United States becoming involved in world affairs during unsettled and dangerous times with or without any threat to United States interests. They viewed it as a violation of the ideas of George Washington against entangling alliances. It was feared that the United States could be drawn into the governing and economic activities of world nations and possibly another war. The League of Nations did not have a military force and it had no means to organize one from its member nations. Britain and France were financially and militarily unable to provide assistance and Germany was banned from membership as a result of the Treaty of Versailles. Russia was banned from membership due to the development of communism in the country in 1917. Thus, there were fears that America would be the only nation to take action if needed.
Henry Cabot Lodge and many other government and political leaders rejected the League of Nations because they felt it would result in the United States becoming involved in world affairs during unsettled and dangerous times with or without any threat to United States interests. They viewed it as a violation of the ideas of George Washington against entangling alliances. It was feared that the United States could be drawn into the governing and economic activities of world nations and possibly another war. The League of Nations did not have a military force and it had no means to organize one from its member nations. Britain and France were financially and militarily unable to provide assistance and Germany was banned from membership as a result of the Treaty of Versailles. Russia was banned from membership due to the development of communism in the country in 1917. Thus, there were fears that America would be the only nation to take action if needed.
“History and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government.... Excessive partiality for one foreign nation and excessive dislike of another cause those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side and serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the other. . . . The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns.”
- George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796
Most historians would argue that the recommendations of Washington’s address ceased to have a significant influence on United States foreign policy as a result of .
“History and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government.... Excessive partiality for one foreign nation and excessive dislike of another cause those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side and serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the other. . . . The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns.”
- George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796
Most historians would argue that the recommendations of Washington’s address ceased to have a significant influence on United States foreign policy as a result of .
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Until World War II, United States foreign policy was largely dominated by isolationism and a resistance to forming long-term alliances with other global powers. After the Second World War, the United States emerged as a major global power and employed a foreign policy that favored intervention in foreign affairs and conflicts much more frequently.
Until World War II, United States foreign policy was largely dominated by isolationism and a resistance to forming long-term alliances with other global powers. After the Second World War, the United States emerged as a major global power and employed a foreign policy that favored intervention in foreign affairs and conflicts much more frequently.
The Age of the Automobile can be viewed from the following perspectives. The first perspective is Henry Ford, his invention of the Model T, and the creation of the Ford Motor Company. Henry Ford recognized the demand for the automobile would increase, and used his idea of the assembly line to make automobiles rapidly accessible to the public. Ford hired mechanics who liked to tinker with automobiles to create reliable, low cost, easy to operate, and easy to fix automobiles for the public. The second perspective is the view of the automobile as part of the economic transformation of the 1920s. Ford’s mass production techniques increased worker productivity. His company was able to make more cars available at a reasonable cost. The manufacturing of the automobile led to the demand for products such as steel, rubber, glass, oil, and gasoline to build and operate the automobiles. The automobile also developed a new cultural outlook in America. This perspective became known as the “work to live” philosophy. Individuals who worked long hours, looked forward to the new lifestyle and freedom the automobile gave them. They became more mobile and many Americans moved to the suburbs because the automobile enabled them to commute to work in the cities. Americans began taking extended vacations. This led to the growth of roadside restaurants, service stations and motels. New businesses were developing to support the freedom the automobile gave Americans.
How did the proliferation of automobile ownership effect American society?
The Age of the Automobile can be viewed from the following perspectives. The first perspective is Henry Ford, his invention of the Model T, and the creation of the Ford Motor Company. Henry Ford recognized the demand for the automobile would increase, and used his idea of the assembly line to make automobiles rapidly accessible to the public. Ford hired mechanics who liked to tinker with automobiles to create reliable, low cost, easy to operate, and easy to fix automobiles for the public. The second perspective is the view of the automobile as part of the economic transformation of the 1920s. Ford’s mass production techniques increased worker productivity. His company was able to make more cars available at a reasonable cost. The manufacturing of the automobile led to the demand for products such as steel, rubber, glass, oil, and gasoline to build and operate the automobiles. The automobile also developed a new cultural outlook in America. This perspective became known as the “work to live” philosophy. Individuals who worked long hours, looked forward to the new lifestyle and freedom the automobile gave them. They became more mobile and many Americans moved to the suburbs because the automobile enabled them to commute to work in the cities. Americans began taking extended vacations. This led to the growth of roadside restaurants, service stations and motels. New businesses were developing to support the freedom the automobile gave Americans.
How did the proliferation of automobile ownership effect American society?
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The Age of the Automobile coincided with the Roaring Twenties. This was a time of new freedoms brought about by the modern and liberating technology such as the automobile. Americans could now have the freedom to move about and experience new adventures. Workers for the Ford Motor Company worked long hours at repetitive tasks to mass produce the Model T. In recognition of this, Henry Ford lowered the work shifts from 12 to 8 hour days and paid higher hourly wages to his employees. This made the Ford Motor Company the symbol of the modern integrated industrial economy and gave his employees more free time and more money to spend on the new technology of the day. There was a cost to this freedom for society as well. Wild spending on consumer products for the sake of immediate gratification led to large debt. Constant travel and vacations combined with the move to the suburbs resulted in the loss of a sense of community spirit in the cities and the suburbs. Taxes were placed on items used by automobile users, some hidden in the cost of the items, to help pay for the road improvements and as accidents became more frequent, automobile insurance became mandatory and expensive.
The Age of the Automobile coincided with the Roaring Twenties. This was a time of new freedoms brought about by the modern and liberating technology such as the automobile. Americans could now have the freedom to move about and experience new adventures. Workers for the Ford Motor Company worked long hours at repetitive tasks to mass produce the Model T. In recognition of this, Henry Ford lowered the work shifts from 12 to 8 hour days and paid higher hourly wages to his employees. This made the Ford Motor Company the symbol of the modern integrated industrial economy and gave his employees more free time and more money to spend on the new technology of the day. There was a cost to this freedom for society as well. Wild spending on consumer products for the sake of immediate gratification led to large debt. Constant travel and vacations combined with the move to the suburbs resulted in the loss of a sense of community spirit in the cities and the suburbs. Taxes were placed on items used by automobile users, some hidden in the cost of the items, to help pay for the road improvements and as accidents became more frequent, automobile insurance became mandatory and expensive.
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print; Artist = Billy Ireland, 1912. LOC Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-34356 (b&w film copy neg.). No known restrictions on publication.
In the 1912 Presidential election, which philosophical difference does this cartoon represent between Theodore Roosevelt of the Progressive Party and Woodrow Wilson of the Democratic Party?
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print; Artist = Billy Ireland, 1912. LOC Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-34356 (b&w film copy neg.). No known restrictions on publication.
In the 1912 Presidential election, which philosophical difference does this cartoon represent between Theodore Roosevelt of the Progressive Party and Woodrow Wilson of the Democratic Party?
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After failing to win the Republican nomination for president in 1912, Theodore Roosevelt formed the Progressive Party. This created a four-way race between Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson for the Democrats, Howard Taft for the Republicans and Eugene V. Debs for the Socialist Party of America. Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" campaign advocated for a strong federal government while Wilson's "New Freedom" campaign advocated for individual rights.
After failing to win the Republican nomination for president in 1912, Theodore Roosevelt formed the Progressive Party. This created a four-way race between Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson for the Democrats, Howard Taft for the Republicans and Eugene V. Debs for the Socialist Party of America. Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" campaign advocated for a strong federal government while Wilson's "New Freedom" campaign advocated for individual rights.
Image by Karl K. Knecht, Evansville Courier, 1912.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TR-Chemist-1912.JPG
This 1912 political cartoon is making the point that .
Image by Karl K. Knecht, Evansville Courier, 1912.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TR-Chemist-1912.JPG
This 1912 political cartoon is making the point that .
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The cartoon shows "Radical Spice," "Conservative Views," and "Pure Democracy" in the foreground with Roosevelt appearing to stir in a little bit of everything in the "Teddy Speech" bowl. There is no clear indication that the Progressive Party was moderate since we can't see which specific views Roosevelt is adding to his speech. Roosevelt is saying, "The more you mix in, the easier it is to satisfy everyone." Although Roosevelt is clearly trying to appeal to a wide range of political ideologies, there is no proof in the cartoon that he has succeeded. It is implied that Roosevelt will say anything to get elected, however, the fact that he is stirring the speech with a whisk that says "Progressivism" indicates that these are the official views of the Progressive Party. Therefore the best answer is that the Progressive Party does not have a clear agenda.
The cartoon shows "Radical Spice," "Conservative Views," and "Pure Democracy" in the foreground with Roosevelt appearing to stir in a little bit of everything in the "Teddy Speech" bowl. There is no clear indication that the Progressive Party was moderate since we can't see which specific views Roosevelt is adding to his speech. Roosevelt is saying, "The more you mix in, the easier it is to satisfy everyone." Although Roosevelt is clearly trying to appeal to a wide range of political ideologies, there is no proof in the cartoon that he has succeeded. It is implied that Roosevelt will say anything to get elected, however, the fact that he is stirring the speech with a whisk that says "Progressivism" indicates that these are the official views of the Progressive Party. Therefore the best answer is that the Progressive Party does not have a clear agenda.