Southwest Asia - AP World History: Modern

The Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II led an army to Constantinople in the spring of 1453 to siege the city. After a month, the Ottomans were successful in sacking the city, and destroying the Eastern Romany (or Byzantine) Empire. The effect of this sack was massive, allowing the Ottoman armies free reign into Europe, giving the Ottomans control of the Bosphorus Strait and the Black Sea, sending Greek scholars into exile, and generally worsening relations between Christian Europe and Islamic governments in the Middle East.

The Battle of Talas was fought between the Arab Abbasid Caliphate and the Chinese Tang Dynasty in 751 CE. Prior to the battle, Chinese forces had been spreading rapidly westward and facing little opposition; however, at the Battle of Talas, they were defeated by the Arab forces, and Chinese expansion was halted for several centuries. The battle is considered important for transferring control over the “Silk Road” from Chinese to Arab hands and for turning back the massive forces of the Tang Dynasty. Also, it is sometimes said that Arabs learned the art of paper making from the Chinese prisoners they captured in the battle, thus spreading paper-making technology to the Middle East and eventually Europe.

After the death of the prophet Muhammad, the forces of Islam expanded dramatically across North Africa and the Middle East. By 732 CE, they had crossed into mainland Europe and controlled much of modern-day Spain and southern France. At the Battle of Tours, they were defeated by the Frankish forces led by Charles Martel (often called Charles the Hammer). This is often considered a turning point in world history as the forces of Islam would never again penetrate so far into Europe.

Mehmet II was a Sultan of the Ottoman Empire who in 1453 conquered the city of Constantinople, later renamed Istanbul. Mehmet II is remembered as a great hero in Turkish society and is often referred to as Mehmet the Great or Mehmet the Conqueror.

Harun al-Rashid is one of the most famous caliphs of the long lasting Abbasid Caliphate. He ruled from 786 C.E. until his death in 809 C.E. His reign is remembered as the height of the early Islamic golden era, marked by a flourishing of arts and science and characterized by continuous expansion of Islam. A caliph, just to be clear, is a particular type of ruler within an Islamic government said to be the political and religious successor to the Prophet Muhammad.

In the third century CE, the Roman Emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire into a Western Empire, centered around Rome, and an Eastern Empire, centered around Byzantium (later Constantinople, later still Istanbul). While the Western Roman Empire succumbed to barbarian invasion within two centuries, the Eastern Roman Empire continued until the fifteenth century when it was finally overcome by the Ottomans.

Constantinople was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, and then after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the capital of Byzantium. The Byzantine Empire waned in influence from the 1100s to the 1400s, and by the time of Ottoman invasion in the fifteenth century, it was little more than a city-state. The Ottomans captured Constantinople in 1453 and renamed it Istanbul (the name of the city today).

The Abbasid Caliphate emerged in the eighth century C.E. as the inheritors of Muhammad's Islamic Empire. At the height of its power, the Abbasid Caliphate stretched from Central Asia through North Africa. The capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, for most of its existence, was Baghdad, in modern-day Iraq.

Like so many other great empires in the period from 1200 to 1400, the Abbasid Caliphate was devastated by the attacks of the nomadic horsemen from the Mongolian Steppes—the Mongols. The Mongols sacked the Abbasid capital city, Baghdad, in 1258, bringing to an end the Golden Age of Islam.

Suleiman the Magnificent is one of the most famous rulers of the Ottoman Empire. He came to power in the early sixteenth century and is famous for his conquest of many Christian strongholds in Southern Europe, such as Belgrade, Budapest, and Rhodes.

Harun al-Rashid is one of the most famous caliphs of the long lasting Abbasid Caliphate. He ruled from 786 C.E. until his death in 809 C.E. His reign is remembered as the height of the early Islamic golden era, marked by a flourishing of arts and science and characterized by continuous expansion of Islam. A caliph, just to be clear, is a particular type of ruler within an Islamic government said to be the political and religious successor to the Prophet Muhammad.

In the third century CE, the Roman Emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire into a Western Empire, centered around Rome, and an Eastern Empire, centered around Byzantium (later Constantinople, later still Istanbul). While the Western Roman Empire succumbed to barbarian invasion within two centuries, the Eastern Roman Empire continued until the fifteenth century when it was finally overcome by the Ottomans.

Constantinople was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, and then after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the capital of Byzantium. The Byzantine Empire waned in influence from the 1100s to the 1400s, and by the time of Ottoman invasion in the fifteenth century, it was little more than a city-state. The Ottomans captured Constantinople in 1453 and renamed it Istanbul (the name of the city today).

The Abbasid Caliphate emerged in the eighth century C.E. as the inheritors of Muhammad's Islamic Empire. At the height of its power, the Abbasid Caliphate stretched from Central Asia through North Africa. The capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, for most of its existence, was Baghdad, in modern-day Iraq.

Like so many other great empires in the period from 1200 to 1400, the Abbasid Caliphate was devastated by the attacks of the nomadic horsemen from the Mongolian Steppes—the Mongols. The Mongols sacked the Abbasid capital city, Baghdad, in 1258, bringing to an end the Golden Age of Islam.

Suleiman the Magnificent is one of the most famous rulers of the Ottoman Empire. He came to power in the early sixteenth century and is famous for his conquest of many Christian strongholds in Southern Europe, such as Belgrade, Budapest, and Rhodes.

The Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II led an army to Constantinople in the spring of 1453 to siege the city. After a month, the Ottomans were successful in sacking the city, and destroying the Eastern Romany (or Byzantine) Empire. The effect of this sack was massive, allowing the Ottoman armies free reign into Europe, giving the Ottomans control of the Bosphorus Strait and the Black Sea, sending Greek scholars into exile, and generally worsening relations between Christian Europe and Islamic governments in the Middle East.

The Battle of Talas was fought between the Arab Abbasid Caliphate and the Chinese Tang Dynasty in 751 CE. Prior to the battle, Chinese forces had been spreading rapidly westward and facing little opposition; however, at the Battle of Talas, they were defeated by the Arab forces, and Chinese expansion was halted for several centuries. The battle is considered important for transferring control over the “Silk Road” from Chinese to Arab hands and for turning back the massive forces of the Tang Dynasty. Also, it is sometimes said that Arabs learned the art of paper making from the Chinese prisoners they captured in the battle, thus spreading paper-making technology to the Middle East and eventually Europe.

After the death of the prophet Muhammad, the forces of Islam expanded dramatically across North Africa and the Middle East. By 732 CE, they had crossed into mainland Europe and controlled much of modern-day Spain and southern France. At the Battle of Tours, they were defeated by the Frankish forces led by Charles Martel (often called Charles the Hammer). This is often considered a turning point in world history as the forces of Islam would never again penetrate so far into Europe.

Mehmet II was a Sultan of the Ottoman Empire who in 1453 conquered the city of Constantinople, later renamed Istanbul. Mehmet II is remembered as a great hero in Turkish society and is often referred to as Mehmet the Great or Mehmet the Conqueror.