Trade, Commerce, and Market Competition - AP World History: Modern

An imperial supply chain facilitated a sophisticated and diverse Roman economy, especially luxuries for the Roman elite like a thriving silver sector based on raw materials sourced from Britannia and Hispania but worked into ornaments and jewelry in Rome, as well as nearby cities on the Italian Peninsula, and certain special cities like Trier, which were nominally equidistant between Britannia, Hispania, and Rome.

Rome's supply chain was a classic colonial enterprise, based on raw materials sourced from the periphery, and luxury goods crafted by artisans in sophisticated workshops in the center of power; raw materials were most often not constructed into ornaments or jewelry in far flung provinces.

Although a minority of silver may have been given to Egyptian officials in exchange for grain, silver retains value whereas grain is consumed; empires are constructed in the process of expanding control by a center of power, and dumping huge amounts of precious substance like silver into Egypt would increase the power of Egypt instead of Rome itself. The Roman elite would have been careful to keep the majority of silver in their own hands.

Although certain members of the Roman elite may have cared for the orphans of war, Roman authorities wanted silver for luxury goods.

Damascus Steel was a type of metal forged in the Middle Ages, not during the time of Ancient Rome.

Alexandria was the political capital of Egypt at the time, and Egyptian grain, as well as Egypt's navy, were vital to Caesar's attempts at dictatorship.

Sparta was a military power during the Greek Golden Age, a period of well-documented philosophical, architectural, and artistic output.

Athens was a cultural and naval power during the Greek Golden Age, never a major producer of grain.

Carthage was a major antagonist in multiple wars against the Roman Empire.

Troy was a major proponent in the semi-historical Trojan War between the cities of Troy and a league of Hellenes led by Agammemnon.

At the height of its power the Roman Empire effectively controlled the entirety of the Mediterranean. This made trading and sailing relatively efficient and safe (so long as one was a member of the Roman Empire). The Roman navy patrolled the seas and protected traders from the plundering efforts of pirates and rival civilizations.

The Grand Canal is the longest canal or artificial river in the world. It starts in Beijing and links the Yangze and the Huang He rivers. It was completed during the Sui dynasty (581-618 CE).

Silk production had long been a Chinese state secret when a small group of Byzantine monks smuggled silkworms back from China in the sixth century. This led to the breakdown of the Chinese monopoly and the further growth of the Byzantine Empire as the wealthiest in Europe.

All of these statements about overland trade and transport in the classical era are correct. Overland trade was typically cheaper than oceangoing trade, but it was more dangerous and much more likely to be subject to political disruption. Overland trade was primarily carried out by caravans of pack animals, like horses and camels. Although trade was more difficult in places without a reliable system of roads, it was hardly impossible.

An imperial supply chain facilitated a sophisticated and diverse Roman economy, especially luxuries for the Roman elite like a thriving silver sector based on raw materials sourced from Britannia and Hispania but worked into ornaments and jewelry in Rome, as well as nearby cities on the Italian Peninsula, and certain special cities like Trier, which were nominally equidistant between Britannia, Hispania, and Rome.

Rome's supply chain was a classic colonial enterprise, based on raw materials sourced from the periphery, and luxury goods crafted by artisans in sophisticated workshops in the center of power; raw materials were most often not constructed into ornaments or jewelry in far flung provinces.

Although a minority of silver may have been given to Egyptian officials in exchange for grain, silver retains value whereas grain is consumed; empires are constructed in the process of expanding control by a center of power, and dumping huge amounts of precious substance like silver into Egypt would increase the power of Egypt instead of Rome itself. The Roman elite would have been careful to keep the majority of silver in their own hands.

Although certain members of the Roman elite may have cared for the orphans of war, Roman authorities wanted silver for luxury goods.

Damascus Steel was a type of metal forged in the Middle Ages, not during the time of Ancient Rome.

Alexandria was the political capital of Egypt at the time, and Egyptian grain, as well as Egypt's navy, were vital to Caesar's attempts at dictatorship.

Sparta was a military power during the Greek Golden Age, a period of well-documented philosophical, architectural, and artistic output.

Athens was a cultural and naval power during the Greek Golden Age, never a major producer of grain.

Carthage was a major antagonist in multiple wars against the Roman Empire.

Troy was a major proponent in the semi-historical Trojan War between the cities of Troy and a league of Hellenes led by Agammemnon.

At the height of its power the Roman Empire effectively controlled the entirety of the Mediterranean. This made trading and sailing relatively efficient and safe (so long as one was a member of the Roman Empire). The Roman navy patrolled the seas and protected traders from the plundering efforts of pirates and rival civilizations.

The Grand Canal is the longest canal or artificial river in the world. It starts in Beijing and links the Yangze and the Huang He rivers. It was completed during the Sui dynasty (581-618 CE).

Silk production had long been a Chinese state secret when a small group of Byzantine monks smuggled silkworms back from China in the sixth century. This led to the breakdown of the Chinese monopoly and the further growth of the Byzantine Empire as the wealthiest in Europe.

All of these statements about overland trade and transport in the classical era are correct. Overland trade was typically cheaper than oceangoing trade, but it was more dangerous and much more likely to be subject to political disruption. Overland trade was primarily carried out by caravans of pack animals, like horses and camels. Although trade was more difficult in places without a reliable system of roads, it was hardly impossible.

Archaeologists have uncovered ancient breweries at Sumerian archaeological sites, and historians have translated numerous Sumerian documents relating to brewing beer.

Computers and batteries were created thousands of years after the Sumerian language went extinct and its people were absorbed into other groups.

Although some of the oldest written fiction we have is Sumerian, storytelling existed in prehistory; prior to the advent of writing in ancient Sumer.

Paintings tens of thousands of years old can be found throughout the world; painting is originally a prehistoric art.

Predynastic Egyptian archaeological sites prove that even before Egypt was a unified empire, human settlements along the Nile traded for copper, timber, wine, and oils with Mesopotamia and the surrounding area.

The Sahara was a major impediment to trade with the interior of the African continent, and the Songhai empire existed in the late Middle Ages.

The Roman empire was ancient, but still thousands of years after predynastic Egypt.

Likewise, the Athenian empire was ancient but thousands of years after predynastic Egypt.

The Shang kingdom of China was thousands of years after Predynastic Egypt, and too far away to have any sustained trade with north Africa.

Basalt drinking vessels have been found in predynastic tombs throughout Egypt, but were mined from a single source near al-Maadi (south of modern Cairo), proof that the basalt was mined and shipped throughout Egypt.

While the details of the original conqueror and unifier of Egypt, Narmer, is heavily influenced by legend, what is clear is that southern Egypt conquered and merged with the north, so Narmer cannot be from al-Maadi.

Predynastic Egyptian artisans used many different kinds of materials.

While basalt was a luxury, Egyptians did not forgo the use of other materials.

Egypt was eventually unified under an imperial dynasty; predynastic Egypt, therefore, cannot be unified.

Throughout much of the ancient period, before the rise of Greece, Persia, and Rome, the ancient Phoenicians created an extensive commercial empire in the Mediterranean. They were able to dominate trade due to their sophisticated alphabet and their establishment of settlements throughout the Mediterranean.

The city-states of Tyre, Sidon, and Byblos were once all part of the Phoenician empire. The Phoenician empire was a wide-ranging commercial empire that controlled trade in the Mediterranean from about 1,300 BCE until 500 BCE.

The ancient commercial empire of Phoenicia was established in modern-day Lebanon approximately 1,500 BCE.

Silk was first produced in China during the Shang Dynasty. For the next thousand years, China enjoyed an effective monopoly on silk production (as they were the only people who knew how to do it). This contributed to the growing wealth of the Chinese emperors as silk was traded extensively with empires in Europe (such as the Romans) and the Middle East (such as the Persians).

This answer is correct because Western European nations like the British and the Dutch were not yet engaged in Indian Ocean trade in this period, and as a result showed no increase in wealth as a result of the Indian Ocean trade in the years mentioned.