Changing Social Hierarchies Practice Test

In 19th-century Latin America after independence, new constitutions proclaimed legal equality, but voting often depended on property and literacy. Creole elites dominated politics, while Indigenous communities faced land loss and coerced labor, and mestizo and Black populations navigated new national identities. Which development best illustrates changing social hierarchies in this period?

In the Ottoman Empire during the Tanzimat reforms, the state reorganized taxation and military service and promised equal legal rights for Muslim and non-Muslim subjects. At the same time, European economic influence grew, and new bureaucrats and professionals emerged. Which development best demonstrates changing social hierarchies in the empire?