Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Metabolism - MCAT Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems
Card 0 of 2928
Which intermolecular force accounts for the fact that alcohols have higher boiling points than alkanes?
Which intermolecular force accounts for the fact that alcohols have higher boiling points than alkanes?
Hydrogen bonding occurs when the hydrogen atom attached to an electronegative atom of one molecule (in an alcohol, this electronegative atom is oxygen) becomes attracted to an electronegative atom of a different molecule (either oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine). This attractive force is so strong that it significantly increases the boiling point of the alcohol.
Hydrogen bonding occurs when the hydrogen atom attached to an electronegative atom of one molecule (in an alcohol, this electronegative atom is oxygen) becomes attracted to an electronegative atom of a different molecule (either oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine). This attractive force is so strong that it significantly increases the boiling point of the alcohol.
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Prions are the suspected cause of a wide variety of neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. According to prevailing theory, prions are infectious particles made only of protein and found in high concentrations in the brains of infected animals. All mammals produce normal prion protein, PrPC, a transmembrane protein whose function remains unclear.
Infectious prions, PrPRes, induce conformational changes in the existing PrPC proteins according to the following reaction:
PrPC + PrPRes → PrPRes + PrPRes
The PrPRes is then suspected to accumulate in the nervous tissue of infected patients and cause disease. This model of transmission generates replicated proteins, but does so bypassing the standard model of the central dogma of molecular biology. Transcription and translation apparently do not play a role in this replication process.
This theory is a major departure from previously established biological dogma. A scientist decides to test the protein-only theory of prion propagation. He establishes his experiment as follows:
Homogenized brain matter of infected rabbits is injected into the brains of healthy rabbits, as per the following table:
Rabbit 1 and 2: injected with normal saline on days 1 and 2
The above trials serve as controls.
Rabbit 3 and 4: injected with homogenized brain matter on days 1 and 2
The above trials use unmodified brain matter.
Rabbit 5 and 6: injected with irradiated homogenized brain matter on days 1 and 2
The above trials use brain matter that has been irradiated to destroy nucleic acids in the homogenate.
Rabbit 7 and 8: injected with protein-free centrifuged homogenized brain matter on days 1 and 2
The above trials use brain matter that has been centrifuged to generate a protein-free homogenate and a protein-rich homogenate based on molecular weight.
Rabbit 9 and 10: injected with boiled homogenized brain matter on days 1 and 2
The above trials use brain matter that have been boiled to destroy any bacterial contaminants in the homogenate.
A scientist claims that he has discovered how PrPRes propagates. He claims that the PrPRes interacts with the PrPC by using its own partially negative oxygen atoms to interact with partially positive hydrogen atoms on PrPC. What is true of these bonds?
Prions are the suspected cause of a wide variety of neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. According to prevailing theory, prions are infectious particles made only of protein and found in high concentrations in the brains of infected animals. All mammals produce normal prion protein, PrPC, a transmembrane protein whose function remains unclear.
Infectious prions, PrPRes, induce conformational changes in the existing PrPC proteins according to the following reaction:
PrPC + PrPRes → PrPRes + PrPRes
The PrPRes is then suspected to accumulate in the nervous tissue of infected patients and cause disease. This model of transmission generates replicated proteins, but does so bypassing the standard model of the central dogma of molecular biology. Transcription and translation apparently do not play a role in this replication process.
This theory is a major departure from previously established biological dogma. A scientist decides to test the protein-only theory of prion propagation. He establishes his experiment as follows:
Homogenized brain matter of infected rabbits is injected into the brains of healthy rabbits, as per the following table:
Rabbit 1 and 2: injected with normal saline on days 1 and 2
The above trials serve as controls.
Rabbit 3 and 4: injected with homogenized brain matter on days 1 and 2
The above trials use unmodified brain matter.
Rabbit 5 and 6: injected with irradiated homogenized brain matter on days 1 and 2
The above trials use brain matter that has been irradiated to destroy nucleic acids in the homogenate.
Rabbit 7 and 8: injected with protein-free centrifuged homogenized brain matter on days 1 and 2
The above trials use brain matter that has been centrifuged to generate a protein-free homogenate and a protein-rich homogenate based on molecular weight.
Rabbit 9 and 10: injected with boiled homogenized brain matter on days 1 and 2
The above trials use brain matter that have been boiled to destroy any bacterial contaminants in the homogenate.
A scientist claims that he has discovered how PrPRes propagates. He claims that the PrPRes interacts with the PrPC by using its own partially negative oxygen atoms to interact with partially positive hydrogen atoms on PrPC. What is true of these bonds?
Hydrogen bonds are an example of the strongest type of intermolecular bonds. They are, however, still intermolecular, and thus always weaker than covalent bonds.
Hydrogen bonds are an example of the strongest type of intermolecular bonds. They are, however, still intermolecular, and thus always weaker than covalent bonds.
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Cryptosporidium is a genus of gastrointestinal parasite that infects the intestinal epithelium of mammals. Cryptosporidium is water-borne, and is an apicomplexan parasite. This phylum also includes Plasmodium, Babesia, and Toxoplasma.
Apicomplexans are unique due to their apicoplast, an apical organelle that helps penetrate mammalian epithelium. In the case of cryptosporidium, there is an interaction between the surface proteins of mammalian epithelial tissue and those of the apical portion of the cryptosporidium infective stage, or oocyst. A scientist is conducting an experiment to test the hypothesis that the oocyst secretes a peptide compound that neutralizes intestinal defense cells. These defense cells are resident in the intestinal epithelium, and defend the tissue by phagocytizing the oocysts.
She sets up the following experiment:
As the neutralizing compound was believed to be secreted by the oocyst, the scientist collected oocysts onto growth media. The oocysts were grown among intestinal epithelial cells, and then the media was collected. The media was then added to another plate where Toxoplasma gondii was growing with intestinal epithelial cells. A second plate of Toxoplasma gondii was grown with the same type of intestinal epithelium, but no oocyst-sourced media was added.
A scientist is conducting a follow up experiment to the one described above. She is attempting to determine how cryptosporidium adheres to the gastrointestinal mucosa. She determines that the key step is a binding of a surface protein ligand to a receptor. Which of the following forces are common patterns for protein-protein interaction?
I. Hydrogen bonding
II. Coordinate covalent bonding
III. Polar covalent
IV. Metallic bonding
Cryptosporidium is a genus of gastrointestinal parasite that infects the intestinal epithelium of mammals. Cryptosporidium is water-borne, and is an apicomplexan parasite. This phylum also includes Plasmodium, Babesia, and Toxoplasma.
Apicomplexans are unique due to their apicoplast, an apical organelle that helps penetrate mammalian epithelium. In the case of cryptosporidium, there is an interaction between the surface proteins of mammalian epithelial tissue and those of the apical portion of the cryptosporidium infective stage, or oocyst. A scientist is conducting an experiment to test the hypothesis that the oocyst secretes a peptide compound that neutralizes intestinal defense cells. These defense cells are resident in the intestinal epithelium, and defend the tissue by phagocytizing the oocysts.
She sets up the following experiment:
As the neutralizing compound was believed to be secreted by the oocyst, the scientist collected oocysts onto growth media. The oocysts were grown among intestinal epithelial cells, and then the media was collected. The media was then added to another plate where Toxoplasma gondii was growing with intestinal epithelial cells. A second plate of Toxoplasma gondii was grown with the same type of intestinal epithelium, but no oocyst-sourced media was added.
A scientist is conducting a follow up experiment to the one described above. She is attempting to determine how cryptosporidium adheres to the gastrointestinal mucosa. She determines that the key step is a binding of a surface protein ligand to a receptor. Which of the following forces are common patterns for protein-protein interaction?
I. Hydrogen bonding
II. Coordinate covalent bonding
III. Polar covalent
IV. Metallic bonding
Of the choices listed, only hydrogen bonds would be very common among protein-protein bonds. Covalent bonds are strong and permanent, and so are uncommon between macromolecules. Some proteins form disulfide bridges, or covalent bonds between sulfur atoms intra-molecularly, but inter-molecularly covalent interactions are usually not appropriate.
Of the choices listed, only hydrogen bonds would be very common among protein-protein bonds. Covalent bonds are strong and permanent, and so are uncommon between macromolecules. Some proteins form disulfide bridges, or covalent bonds between sulfur atoms intra-molecularly, but inter-molecularly covalent interactions are usually not appropriate.
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One component of the immune system is the neutrophil, a professional phagocyte that consumes invading cells. The neutrophil is ferried to the site of infection via the blood as pre-neutrophils, or monocytes, ready to differentiate as needed to defend their host.
In order to leave the blood and migrate to the tissues, where infection is active, the monocyte undergoes a process called diapedesis. Diapedesis is a process of extravasation, where the monocyte leaves the circulation by moving in between endothelial cells, enters the tissue, and matures into a neutrophil.
Diapedesis is mediated by a class of proteins called selectins, present on the monocyte membrane and the endothelium. These selectins interact, attract the monocyte to the endothelium, and allow the monocytes to roll along the endothelium until they are able to complete diapedesis by leaving the vasculature and entering the tissues.
The image below shows monocytes moving in the blood vessel, "rolling" along the vessel wall, and eventually leaving the vessel to migrate to the site of infection.
Which of the following is likely true about the interactions between selectins and the "rolling" monocytes?
One component of the immune system is the neutrophil, a professional phagocyte that consumes invading cells. The neutrophil is ferried to the site of infection via the blood as pre-neutrophils, or monocytes, ready to differentiate as needed to defend their host.
In order to leave the blood and migrate to the tissues, where infection is active, the monocyte undergoes a process called diapedesis. Diapedesis is a process of extravasation, where the monocyte leaves the circulation by moving in between endothelial cells, enters the tissue, and matures into a neutrophil.
Diapedesis is mediated by a class of proteins called selectins, present on the monocyte membrane and the endothelium. These selectins interact, attract the monocyte to the endothelium, and allow the monocytes to roll along the endothelium until they are able to complete diapedesis by leaving the vasculature and entering the tissues.
The image below shows monocytes moving in the blood vessel, "rolling" along the vessel wall, and eventually leaving the vessel to migrate to the site of infection.
Which of the following is likely true about the interactions between selectins and the "rolling" monocytes?
The interactions that give rise to the neutrophil rolling phenomenon are likely the product of intermolecular bonds, such as hydrogen bonds, that often do not require full ionic charges to be present.
Additionally, proteins and carbohydrates are the typical mediators of these interactions, not fatty acids, and they usually form quickly, reversibly, and spontaneously, without the help of local enzymes.
The interactions that give rise to the neutrophil rolling phenomenon are likely the product of intermolecular bonds, such as hydrogen bonds, that often do not require full ionic charges to be present.
Additionally, proteins and carbohydrates are the typical mediators of these interactions, not fatty acids, and they usually form quickly, reversibly, and spontaneously, without the help of local enzymes.
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Type 1 diabetes is a well-understood autoimmune disease. Autoimmune diseases result from an immune system-mediated attack on one’s own body tissues. In normal development, an organ called the thymus introduces immune cells to the body’s normal proteins. This process is called negative selection, as those immune cells that recognize normal proteins are deleted. If cells evade this process, those that recognize normal proteins enter into circulation, where they can attack body tissues. The thymus is also important for activating T-cells that recognize foreign proteins.
As the figure below shows, immune cells typically originate in the bone marrow. Some immune cells, called T-cells, then go to the thymus for negative selection. Those that survive negative selection, enter into general circulation to fight infection. Other cells, called B-cells, directly enter general circulation from the bone marrow. It is a breakdown in this carefully orchestrated process that leads to autoimmune disease, such as type 1 diabetes.
In the process of negative selection described in the passage, the interaction of T-cells and normal body proteins happens via brief and easily broken biochemical bonds. What type of bonding is most probably involved?
Type 1 diabetes is a well-understood autoimmune disease. Autoimmune diseases result from an immune system-mediated attack on one’s own body tissues. In normal development, an organ called the thymus introduces immune cells to the body’s normal proteins. This process is called negative selection, as those immune cells that recognize normal proteins are deleted. If cells evade this process, those that recognize normal proteins enter into circulation, where they can attack body tissues. The thymus is also important for activating T-cells that recognize foreign proteins.
As the figure below shows, immune cells typically originate in the bone marrow. Some immune cells, called T-cells, then go to the thymus for negative selection. Those that survive negative selection, enter into general circulation to fight infection. Other cells, called B-cells, directly enter general circulation from the bone marrow. It is a breakdown in this carefully orchestrated process that leads to autoimmune disease, such as type 1 diabetes.
In the process of negative selection described in the passage, the interaction of T-cells and normal body proteins happens via brief and easily broken biochemical bonds. What type of bonding is most probably involved?
Hydrogen bonding is characteristic of a great deal of the intermolecular interactions seen in biochemical systems. Ionic and covalent bonding are far too permanent, and T-cells would never escape the thymus were these bonding patterns the principal interactions. Ionic and covalent interactions generally represent intramolecular interactions, while intermolecular interactions are more temporary. Common intermolecular forces are hydrogen bonding, dipole interactions, and van der Waals forces. (Note that hydrogen bonding can also be an intramolecular interaction for certain molecular structures).
Hydrogen bonding is characteristic of a great deal of the intermolecular interactions seen in biochemical systems. Ionic and covalent bonding are far too permanent, and T-cells would never escape the thymus were these bonding patterns the principal interactions. Ionic and covalent interactions generally represent intramolecular interactions, while intermolecular interactions are more temporary. Common intermolecular forces are hydrogen bonding, dipole interactions, and van der Waals forces. (Note that hydrogen bonding can also be an intramolecular interaction for certain molecular structures).
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Which of the following is not a lipid?
Which of the following is not a lipid?
Lipids are hydrophobic molecules that have low solubility in water and high solubility in nonpolar organic solvents. The following choices all describe lipid molecules, with the exception of glycine. Glycine is an amino acid and contains a carboxyl group (like fatty acid lipids), but also a amine group. These function groups make glycine hydrophilic and polar, unlike lipids.
Lipids are hydrophobic molecules that have low solubility in water and high solubility in nonpolar organic solvents. The following choices all describe lipid molecules, with the exception of glycine. Glycine is an amino acid and contains a carboxyl group (like fatty acid lipids), but also a amine group. These function groups make glycine hydrophilic and polar, unlike lipids.
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Which of the following molecule is a type of terpene?
Which of the following molecule is a type of terpene?
Terpenes are special classes of lipids that are derived from isoprene units. An isoprene unit’s molecular formula is 
; therefore, terpenes must contain a molecular formula that is derived from a 
empirical formula.
The molecular formula 
consists of seven isoprene units (
= 
); therefore, 
is a type of terpene.
Pentene is an alkene with the molecular formula 
. 
(
) is derived from pentene units; however, terpenes do not have pentene units.
Terpenes are special classes of lipids that are derived from isoprene units. An isoprene unit’s molecular formula is
The molecular formula
Pentene is an alkene with the molecular formula
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Compound B is dissolved in methylene chloride, and then treated with trifluoroacetic acid. Over the next thirty minutes, gas evolution was observed from the reaction mixture. What gas was being given off?
Compound B is dissolved in methylene chloride, and then treated with trifluoroacetic acid. Over the next thirty minutes, gas evolution was observed from the reaction mixture. What gas was being given off?
Treatment of a carboxylic acid with acid results in decarboxylation, and the evolution of 
, especially if the resulting compound contains a benzylic or allylic carbon, as is the case here.
Treatment of a carboxylic acid with acid results in decarboxylation, and the evolution of
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What is the purpose of the formation of lactic acid during anaerobic respiration?
What is the purpose of the formation of lactic acid during anaerobic respiration?
Cells need a constant supply of NAD+ to accept electrons during glycolysis in order to produce pyruvate from glucose.
Cells need a constant supply of NAD+ to accept electrons during glycolysis in order to produce pyruvate from glucose.
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Which process can occur under anaerobic conditions?
Which process can occur under anaerobic conditions?
Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and does not require oxygen. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) and Kreb's cycle require oxygen indirectly, while the electron transport chain and oxydative phosphorylation require oxygen directly. After glycolysis produces pyruvate, either aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration can proceed depending on the availability of oxygen.
Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and does not require oxygen. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) and Kreb's cycle require oxygen indirectly, while the electron transport chain and oxydative phosphorylation require oxygen directly. After glycolysis produces pyruvate, either aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration can proceed depending on the availability of oxygen.
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Which statement is FALSE when comparing aerobic to anaerobic respiration?
Which statement is FALSE when comparing aerobic to anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration creates the byproduct lactic acid. Accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles due to lack of oxygen results in the pain we experience during exercise. Remember that aerobic respiration creates 36 ATP molecules per glucose, while anaerobic repiration forms only 2 ATP molecules per glucose. Since both processes begin with glycolysis, pyruvate is still generated.
Note that while lactic acid is responsible for the "burn" in muscles during exercise, other agents are responsible for muscle soreness after exercise.
Anaerobic respiration creates the byproduct lactic acid. Accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles due to lack of oxygen results in the pain we experience during exercise. Remember that aerobic respiration creates 36 ATP molecules per glucose, while anaerobic repiration forms only 2 ATP molecules per glucose. Since both processes begin with glycolysis, pyruvate is still generated.
Note that while lactic acid is responsible for the "burn" in muscles during exercise, other agents are responsible for muscle soreness after exercise.
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While running a marathon, an individual feels pain and a burning sensation in her legs. One reason for this is the conversion of pyruvate into lactic acid which the body does in order to .
While running a marathon, an individual feels pain and a burning sensation in her legs. One reason for this is the conversion of pyruvate into lactic acid which the body does in order to .
In the absence of available oxygen, the body conducts metabolism anaerobically in a process known as fermentation. During strenuous exercise, like running a marathon, the body needs to generate ATP at a rate faster than oxygen is becoming available.
To combat this issue, the body converts pyruvate and NADH, generated in glycolysis, into lactic acid and NAD+, respectively. This regenerated NAD+ can participate in further glycolysis to generate more ATP, even in the absence of oxygen. Oxygen only becomes a necessary reactant in the electron transport chain; thus, glycolysis can continue to generate limited amounts of ATP in an anaerobic environment as long as NAD+ is present.
In the absence of available oxygen, the body conducts metabolism anaerobically in a process known as fermentation. During strenuous exercise, like running a marathon, the body needs to generate ATP at a rate faster than oxygen is becoming available.
To combat this issue, the body converts pyruvate and NADH, generated in glycolysis, into lactic acid and NAD+, respectively. This regenerated NAD+ can participate in further glycolysis to generate more ATP, even in the absence of oxygen. Oxygen only becomes a necessary reactant in the electron transport chain; thus, glycolysis can continue to generate limited amounts of ATP in an anaerobic environment as long as NAD+ is present.
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Which of the following products cannot be directly formed from pyruvate?
Which of the following products cannot be directly formed from pyruvate?
Pyruvate can be decarboxylated to make acetyl-CoA. This is the process that initiates the citric acid cycle. Pyruvate can also undergo fermentation, and be reduced to either lactic acid or acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde can then be reduced to ethanol, however, pyruvate cannot directly be converted to ethanol.
Pyruvate can be decarboxylated to make acetyl-CoA. This is the process that initiates the citric acid cycle. Pyruvate can also undergo fermentation, and be reduced to either lactic acid or acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde can then be reduced to ethanol, however, pyruvate cannot directly be converted to ethanol.
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What is the purpose of fermentation?
What is the purpose of fermentation?
Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen, and reduces pyruvate to the end product of either ethanol or lactic acid. Since pyruvate is being reduced, NADH is oxidized to NAD+, which is needed for the initial glycolysis reaction to produce pyruvate. During anaerobic respiration, glycolysis is still able to function, but only if NAD+ is available; thus, fermentation allows the regeneration of NAD+ in order for glycolysis to proceed in the absence of oxygen.
Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen, and reduces pyruvate to the end product of either ethanol or lactic acid. Since pyruvate is being reduced, NADH is oxidized to NAD+, which is needed for the initial glycolysis reaction to produce pyruvate. During anaerobic respiration, glycolysis is still able to function, but only if NAD+ is available; thus, fermentation allows the regeneration of NAD+ in order for glycolysis to proceed in the absence of oxygen.
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Which choice accurately states the amount of ATP produced from a single glucose molecule in an anaerobic environment and in an aerobic environment, respectively?
Which choice accurately states the amount of ATP produced from a single glucose molecule in an anaerobic environment and in an aerobic environment, respectively?
In an anaerobic environment, two net ATP are produced from glycolysis. Since glycolysis requires an investment of two ATP and produces four ATP, it has a total net yield of two ATP. In an aerobic environment, however, the cell performs glycolysis, pyruvate decarboxylation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. These processes together yield a net of 36 ATP.
In an anaerobic environment, two net ATP are produced from glycolysis. Since glycolysis requires an investment of two ATP and produces four ATP, it has a total net yield of two ATP. In an aerobic environment, however, the cell performs glycolysis, pyruvate decarboxylation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. These processes together yield a net of 36 ATP.
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How many molecules of ATP would be produced and available for use if four molecules of glucose were used during anaerobic respiration?
How many molecules of ATP would be produced and available for use if four molecules of glucose were used during anaerobic respiration?
Two net molecules of ATP are produced via anaerobic cellular respiration.
Two net molecules of ATP are produced via anaerobic cellular respiration.
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What is the net ATP production if 4 glucose molecules are oxidized in anaerobic conditions?
What is the net ATP production if 4 glucose molecules are oxidized in anaerobic conditions?
During anaerobic conditions only glycolysis occurs. Glycolysis alone produces 4 ATP per glucose, but requires an input of 2 ATP per glucose. Thus, 2 ATP per glucose are yielded through glycolysis.
During anaerobic conditions only glycolysis occurs. Glycolysis alone produces 4 ATP per glucose, but requires an input of 2 ATP per glucose. Thus, 2 ATP per glucose are yielded through glycolysis.
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Which of the following molecules will result in a single signal with the most splits?
Which of the following molecules will result in a single signal with the most splits?
The number of splits that a peak will experience is dependent on the number of neighboring hydrogens that are not chemically equal to the hydrogen in question. In 2-bromopropane, the hydrogen on the middle carbon is attached to two methyl groups, meaning that there are six neighboring hydrogens. This results in a peak that is split into seven peaks.
Methane only has one peak, and does not split. 1-bromopropane has a peak that is split into six peaks, and ethylacetate has a peak that is split into four peaks.
The number of splits that a peak will experience is dependent on the number of neighboring hydrogens that are not chemically equal to the hydrogen in question. In 2-bromopropane, the hydrogen on the middle carbon is attached to two methyl groups, meaning that there are six neighboring hydrogens. This results in a peak that is split into seven peaks.
Methane only has one peak, and does not split. 1-bromopropane has a peak that is split into six peaks, and ethylacetate has a peak that is split into four peaks.
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In IR spectroscopy, the vibration between atoms is caused by which of the following?
In IR spectroscopy, the vibration between atoms is caused by which of the following?
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy takes advantage of the electrical difference between atoms in a polar bond. These dipole moments, when exposed to infrared radiation, stretch and contract in what appears to be a vibrating motion between the atoms. The different vibrational frequencies in the molecule allow for the compound to be "read" using IR spectroscopy.
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy takes advantage of the electrical difference between atoms in a polar bond. These dipole moments, when exposed to infrared radiation, stretch and contract in what appears to be a vibrating motion between the atoms. The different vibrational frequencies in the molecule allow for the compound to be "read" using IR spectroscopy.
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An IR spectrum reading is taken before and after treating acetone with the reducing agent 
. What IR peak readings would be seen for the reactant acetone and for the predicted product?
An IR spectrum reading is taken before and after treating acetone with the reducing agent
Treating acetone, a secondary carbonyl, with a reducing agent, such as sodium borohydride (NaBH4), will yield a secondary alcohol as the product.
When using IR spectroscopy, carbonyl (C=O) groups display characteristic peaks at approximately 1700cm-1, while alcohol groups (O-H) display characteristic peaks around 3300cm-1. The acetone would, therefore, initially have a characteristic peak at roughly 1700cm-1. After the reduction reaction is complete, the resulting 2-propanol would display a characteristic peak roughly at 3300cm-1.
Treating acetone, a secondary carbonyl, with a reducing agent, such as sodium borohydride (NaBH4), will yield a secondary alcohol as the product.
When using IR spectroscopy, carbonyl (C=O) groups display characteristic peaks at approximately 1700cm-1, while alcohol groups (O-H) display characteristic peaks around 3300cm-1. The acetone would, therefore, initially have a characteristic peak at roughly 1700cm-1. After the reduction reaction is complete, the resulting 2-propanol would display a characteristic peak roughly at 3300cm-1.
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