Demographic Transition and Population Pyramids (9B) Practice Test

A demographer presents two simplified age-structure profiles. Country F is in stage 2 (high birth rate, falling death rate). Country G is in stage 3 (birth rate declining, death rate low). The following grouped age shares approximate their population pyramids:

• Country F: 0–14 is very large; 65+ is very small.
• Country G: 0–14 is smaller than Country F; 15–39 is relatively large. Demographic transition theory links these patterns to different near-term social priorities. Based on the age structures, which trend is most likely for Country G compared with Country F?

A city-state is identified as being in stage 4 of the demographic transition model. The government notes sustained low fertility, high life expectancy, and a growing proportion of older adults. Demographic transition theory suggests that in stage 4, population growth stabilizes or slows and the age structure shifts upward. A simplified population pyramid is provided (male left, female right):

Stage 4 city-state 80+ |||| 60–79 |||||| 40–59 ||||||| 20–39 ||||| 0–19 ||||

Based on this pyramid, which policy response is most directly supported by the demographic structure?