Sigma Notation - Pre-Calculus

Partial sums (written ) are the first few terms of a sum, so

If you then just take off the last number in that sum you get the and so on.

First break down the decimal into a sum of fractions to see the pattern.

and so on. Thus,

These fractions can be reduced, and the sum becomes

Each term is multiplied by to get the next term which is added.

For the first 4 terms this would look like

Let be the index variable in the sum, so if starts at the terms in the above sum would look like:

.

The decimal is repeating, so the pattern of addition occurs an infinite number of times. The sum expressed in sigma notation would then be:

.

In order to evaluate the summation, we must understand what the notation of the expression means:

This sigma notation tells us to sum the values obatined from evaluating the expression at each integer between and including those below and above the sigma. So we're going to start by evaluating the expression at n=1, and then add the value of the expression evaluated at n=2, and so on, until we end by adding the last value of the expression evaluated at n=5. This process is shown mathematically below:

The summation starts at 6 and ends at 7. Increase the value of after each iteration:

Rewrite the summation term by term:

To simplfy we get a common denominator of 24.

Rewrite the summation term by term and evaluate.

means add the values for starting with for every integer until .

This will look like:

First, evaluate the sum. We can multiply by -2 last.

The sum

means to add together every value for for an integer value of n from 1 to 5:

Now our final step is to multiply by -2.

First, we must identify a pattern in this sum. Note that the sum can be rewritten as:

If we want to start our sum at k=1, then the function must be:

so that the first value is .

In order to finish at , the last k value must be 29 because 29-1=28.

Thus, our summation notation is as follows:

The summation starts at 2 and ends at 4. Write out the terms and solve.

The answer is:

To write in sigma notation, let's make sure we have an alternating sign expression given by:

Now that we have the alternating sign, let's establish a function that increases by per term starting at . This is given by

Putting it all together,

In order to solve this summation, substitute the bottom value of to the function, plus every integer until the iteration reaches to 5.

To evaluate this, input the bottom integer into the expression . Repeat for every integer following the bottom integer until we reach to the top integer . Sum each iteration.

Add these terms for the summation.

Given that the first term of the sequence is , we know that the first term of the summation must be , and thus the lower bound of summation must be equal to There is only one option with this qualification, and so we have our answer.

Partial sums (written ) are the first few terms of a sum, so

If you then just take off the last number in that sum you get the and so on.

First break down the decimal into a sum of fractions to see the pattern.

and so on. Thus,

These fractions can be reduced, and the sum becomes

Each term is multiplied by to get the next term which is added.

For the first 4 terms this would look like

Let be the index variable in the sum, so if starts at the terms in the above sum would look like:

.

The decimal is repeating, so the pattern of addition occurs an infinite number of times. The sum expressed in sigma notation would then be:

.

In order to evaluate the summation, we must understand what the notation of the expression means:

This sigma notation tells us to sum the values obatined from evaluating the expression at each integer between and including those below and above the sigma. So we're going to start by evaluating the expression at n=1, and then add the value of the expression evaluated at n=2, and so on, until we end by adding the last value of the expression evaluated at n=5. This process is shown mathematically below:

The summation starts at 6 and ends at 7. Increase the value of after each iteration:

Rewrite the summation term by term:

To simplfy we get a common denominator of 24.

Rewrite the summation term by term and evaluate.