Understand features of hyperbolas and ellipses - Pre-Calculus

Recall the standard form of the equation of a horizontal hyperbola:

, where is the center

For a horizontal hyperbola, use the following equation to find the eccentricity:

, where

For the given hyperbola,

and

Thus,

The equation of an ellipse in standard form is

,

where is the center point, is half the length of its axis in the direction, and is half the length of the axis in the direction.

In this instance, the center point , , and . Therefore:

Start with the equation

It would be helpful if we "complete the square" for both the x and y polynomials.

• 
• 

So by adding 9 and 900 we transform the equation into

• 
• 

And then by dividing 900, we see that the outcome is:

The standard equation for an ellipse is

With a center at

Therefore this is the equation of an ellipse, with center

The equation for the eccentricity of an ellipse is , where is eccentricity, is the distance from the foci to the center, and is the square root of the larger of our two denominators.

Our denominators are and , so .

To find , we must use the equation , where is the square root of the smaller of our two denominators.

This gives us , so .

Therefore, we can see that

.

Remember that the equation for an ellipse in standard form looks like the following:

Where the point (h,k) gives the center of the ellipse, a is half the length of its axis in the x direction, and b is half the length of its axis in the y direction. We can see that this form has a 1 on the right side of the equation, so let's start by dividing both sides of our equation by 36 to get a 1 on the right side:

Now we can simplify the fractions on the right side of the equation, which gives us the equation for our ellipse in standard form:

This ellipse would have its center at (4,7), would be 6 units wide in the x direction, and 4 units wide in the y direction, because so , and so .

In order to find the endpoints of the major and minor axes of our ellipse, we must first remember what each part of the equation in standard form means:

The point given by (h,k) is the center of our ellipse, so we know the center of the ellipse in the problem is (8,-2), and we know that the end points of our major and minor axes will line up with the center either in the x or y direction, depending on the axis. The parts of the equation that will tell us the distance from the center to the endpoints of each axis are and . If we take the square root of each, a will give us the distance from the center to the endpoints in the positive and negative x direction, and b will give us the distance from the center to the endpoints in the positive and negative y direction:

Now it is important to consider the definition of major and minor axes. The major axis of an ellipse is the longer one, will the minor axis is the shorter one. We can see that b=5, which means the axis is longer in the y direction, so this is the major axis. To find the endpoints of the major axis, we'll go 5 units from the center in the positive and negative y direction, respectively, giving us:

Similarly, to find the endpoints of the minor axis, we'll go 2 units from the center in the positive and negative x direction, respectively, giving us:

Remember that in order for the equation of a hyperbola to be in standard form, it must be written in one of the following two ways:

Where the point (h,k) gives the center of the hyperbola. In the first option, where the x term is in front of the y term, the hyperbola opens left and right. In the second option, where the y term is in front of the x term, the hyperbola opens up and down. In either case, the distance tells how far above and below or to the left and right of the center the vertices of the hyperbola are. We can see that our equation is of the form given in the second option, as the y term appears first. All we must do to put it in standard form is obtain a 1 on the right side, so we'll divide both sides by 144:

Now we just simplify the fractions on the left side, and the equation of the hyperbola is in standard form:

Because our equation is already in the format

,

we do not have to manipulate the equation. The center of any ellipse in this form will always be . So in this case, our center will be . To find the foci of the ellipse, we must use the equation , where is the greater of the two denominators in our equation ( and ), is the lesser and is the distance from the center to the foci.

We know that and .

By using , we see that , so .

We now know that the two foci are going to be units in either direction of the center along the greater axis.

Because the greater denominator is under our term containing , our ellipse will have its greater axis going vertically, rather than horizontally. Therefore, our foci will be units above and below our center, at and .

First, we must determine if the major axis is a vertical axis or a horizontal axis. We look at our denominators, and , and see that the larger one is under the -term. Therefore, we know that the greater axis will be a vertical one.

To find out how far the end point are from the center, we simply take . So we know the end points will be units above and below our center. To find the center, we must remember that for ,

the center will be .

So for our equation, the center will be . units above and below the center give us and .

Let us first remember what each part of the equation for a hyperbola in standard form means:

The point (h,k) gives the center of the hyperbola. In the first option, where the x term is in front of the y term, the hyperbola opens left and right. In the second option, where the y term is in front of the x term, the hyperbola opens up and down. In either case, the distance tells how far above and below or to the left and right of the center the vertices of the hyperbola are. For each of these standard form expressions, respectively, the equations for the asymptotes are:

So we can see that the equations are essentially the same, except that the slope is used when the hyperbola opens left and right, and its reciprocal, is used when the hyperbola opens up and down. We can see in the hyperbola for our problem that the x term appears first, so it opens left and right, which means we use the first option above for the equations of the asymptotes. Comparing the standard form equation with that given in the problem, we can determine h, k, a, and b:

Now we now all of the values required for the asymptote formula, so we plug them in and get:

So our asymptotes are described by the following two equations:

In order to find the center and the vertices of the hyperbola given in the problem, we must examine the standard form of a hyperbola:

The point (h,k) gives the center of the hyperbola. We can see that the equation in this problem resembles the second option for standard form above, so right away we can see the center is at:

In the first option, where the x term is in front of the y term, the hyperbola opens left and right. In the second option, where the y term is in front of the x term, the hyperbola opens up and down. In either case, the distance tells how far above and below or to the left and right of the center the vertices of the hyperbola are. Our equation is in the first form, where the x term is first, so the hyperbola opens left and right, which means the vertices are a distance to the left and right of the center. We can now calculate by identifying it in our equation, and then go 3 units to the left and right of our center to find the following vertices:

Remember that in order for the equation of an ellipse to be written in standard form, it must be written in one of the following two ways:

Where the point (h,k) gives the center of the ellipse, a is half the length of the axis for which it is the denominator, and b is half the length of the axis for which it is the denominator. Looking at our answer choices, we need one that involves addition, has different denominators under the x and y terms, and is equal to 1 on the right side of the equation. We can see that out of all the answer choices, the following is the only one that satisfies those requirements of standard form:

In order for the equation of a hyperbola to be in standard form, it must be written in one of the following two ways:

Where the point (h,k) gives the center of the hyperbola, a is half the length of the axis for which it is the denominator, and b is half the length of the axis for which it is the denominator. The easiest requirements of standard form to identify are that the right side of the equation must be 1, there must be subtraction of the terms on the left side and not addition, and the denominators must be different for the x and y terms. Looking at our answer choices, we can see that the following equation is the only one which satisfies these requirements for the standard form of a hyperbola:

Remember that the standard form for the equation of a hyperbola is expressed in one of the following two ways:

Where a hyperbola of the first form would open left and right, and a hyperbola of the second form would open up and down. The formula for the asymptotes of either form are given below, respectively:

We can see that the equation given in the problem follows the second format of standard form, so we'll use the second equation above for finding the asymptotes of our hyperbola, which opens up and down. Looking at the equation for our hyperbola, we can see that h=-3, k= 5, a=4, and b=3. We have all the values we need, so we'll simply plug them into the formula for the asymptotes:

Recall that the standard form of the equation of an ellipse is

, where is the center for the ellipse.

For the equation given in the question, and .

The center of the ellipse is at

Recall that the standard form of the equation of an ellipse is

, where is the center for the ellipse.

For the equation given in the question, and .

The center of the ellipse is at .

Recall that the standard form of the equation of an ellipse is

, where is the center for the ellipse.

For the equation given in the question, and .

The center of the ellipse is at .

Start by putting the equation back into the standard equation of the ellipse:

, where is the center for the ellipse.

Group the terms and terms together.

Factor out a from the terms, and a from the terms.

Now, complete the square. Remember to add the same amounts on both sides of the equation.

Now, divide both sides by .

Finally, factor the equations to get the standard form of the equation for an ellipse.

Since and , the center for this ellipse is .

Start by putting the equation back into the standard equation of the ellipse:

, where is the center for the ellipse.

Group the terms and terms together.

Factor out a from the terms and a from the terms.

Now, complete the squares. Make sure you add the same amount on both sides!

Subtract from both sides.

Now, divide both sides by .

Finally, factor the terms to get the standard form of the equation of an ellipse.

Since and , the center of the ellipse is .

Start by putting the equation back into the standard equation of the ellipse:

, where is the center for the ellipse.

Group the terms and terms together.

Factor out a from the terms and a from the terms.

Now, complete the squares. Remember to add the same amount on both sides!

Subtract from both sides.

Divide both sides by .

Finally, factor the terms to get the standard form of the equation of an ellipse.

Since and , is the center of this ellipse.