Conjunctions and Sentence Logic in One-Blank Sentences - SAT Critical Reading

The word “but” will turn the direction of this sentence after the first clause. The phrase “due to an unexpected increase in pests” is another important clue. This tells us that the harvest was below expectations due to a negative circumstance. Therefore the correct answer is meager. Note: catastrophic is too strong a negative word in this case.

The correct answer is "urbane." The key word in this sentence is “despite,” indicating that the tone employed in Geoffrey’s letter was unexpected for the circumstance and quite the opposite of angry. Therefore, "urbane" (most closely synonymous with polite) is the best answer. "Equivocating" does not mean angry, but is not the best answer. "Condescending" and "boorish" are both tones that closely resemble anger and "furious" means angry, so none of these answer choices is correct either.

The correct answer is "placid." There are two hints in this sentence: the first is the word “best” indicating that the missing word will have a positive connotation (thus eliminating "noxious" and "replete"). The second key to this sentence is that the wilderness is contrasted to stress and motion, indicating that the wilderness is more calm and quiet. "Jocular" means neither "calm" nor "quiet."

The word “elude” means to escape or to avoid (in this case, the detective’s understanding). The word “although” contrasts the detective’s diligent efforts and his inability to solve the case. The only choice that makes sense is "elude." Beware of "incriminate" and "suspect," which were given to lead the test-taker astray. These words are related to the industry of detective work, but do not have the right meaning for the blank.

The correct answer is “vacillation,” which means indecision or wavering. Thus, the incumbent’s double-talk and vacillation on important issues "precipitated" (or accelerated) his defeat in the elections. Notice the conjunction “and” connects the phrase “continual double-talk” with the missing word. From this, we know that the missing word has a negative connotation. "Fortitude," perspicacity," and "perseverance" each have a positive meaning, and thus can be eliminated when solving this question.

The university's collection is now suspect because of the discovery of real documents. The way the sentence is framed indicates the correct answer is an antonym of "real." "Counterfeit," meaning fake or inauthentic, is the only antonym of real among the answer choices.

The key word in this sentence is "betrayed," which indicates that the man's demeanor was at odds with his inner fury. The correct answer will therefore have a sense of calm or quiet, the very definition of "placid."

The structure of the sentence, and the employees' surprise, indicates the new manager was not easygoing. The correct answer choice will be the one that is an antonym of "easygoing." "Abrasive," meaning harsh and coarse, is the only such answer choice.

All of the answer choices are a type of speech, but the contrast in the sentence with "motivational tools" and the adjective "nasty" leads to an answer choice with a negative tone. "Harangues," which indicates loud, aggressive attacks, fits the rest of the sentence best in context.

The structure of the sentence, with two clauses separated by the word "but," tells you that the student struggled even though he should not have. The correct answer choice will be one that effectively means to cancel out his academic progress. "Nullified," meaning neutralize or make unimportant, is the best answer choice.

While the plaintiff's backtracking makes him look bad, the sentence is structured in a way that makes the correct answer need to mean "truthful" or "believable." Therefore, rule out "frivolous," "underhanded," and "conniving" immediately. "Credible," which means believable, is the choice that works best in the sentence.

The writer's avoidance of jargon and technical language is contrasted with the answer choice. Look for the answer that is an antonym to "technical" or "academic." "Colloquial," meaning informal and local and referring to language, is the best answer choice.

The correct answer is "magnanimous," meaning noble or courageous. The contextual clues of the sentence imply that the reaction was positive by the words "gracious" and "despite." This makes "magnanimous" the logical choice to finish the sentence.

The key is that Jonathan is not like his brother; therefore, he is not talkative. While this might be described as “understated,” the most direct choice would be “taciturn.” This word means to be silent or reserved in speech. It is derived from the Latin tacere (and related words), which means to be silent or leave unmentioned. A related English word is “tacit.”

Mark’s cynicism is most likely displayed in his thoughts about the state of (and relative hopefulness for) other humans; therefore, the best word is “misanthrope.” This is derived from two Greek roots. The prefix, “mis-,” has many usages implying wrong, lacking, and other such words (e.g. “mistake,” “mistreat,” “misunderstand”). The second part is derived from anthropos, which means human person, and has related English derivatives in words like “anthropology” and “philanthropist.” Our word therefore means one lacking in respect for human beings or even, more strongly, one who hates humankind.

The hermit actually is wise, though he denies it of himself. The best word is therefore “sagacity.” The word is derived from the Latin for “keen-sighted” or “perceptive” and is found in related English words like “sage.”

Mark’s activity is meant to be in support of other human beings. Such a person could be a philanthropist, or one who is a “lover of men.” The word is derived from two Greek roots. The first half, “phil-,” is derived from the Greek word for “love of friendship” or merely “friendship.”The city “Philadelphia” is named from Greek “brotherly love.” (The “brotherly” portion comes from adelphos, for brother.) The second half is derived from anthropos, which means human person, and has related English derivatives in words like “anthropology” or “misanthrope.”

The key here is to pay heed to the description “burden” in the subordinate clause. The word we are searching for will best match that notion. While a burdensome task might be "remarkable" or "outstanding" (or even perhaps the other more negative choices), it most definitely is “onerous,” which means excessively burdensome. (This is further supported by the adjective “greatest” describing the perceived burden.)

The word “onerous” is derived from the Latin "onus," which means burden or load. Our English is derived from a form of the word that has the base “oner-.”

The necessary word describes a strengthening of the activity of standing. (The key to this interpretation is the phrase “but also”); therefore, the best fit is “ambulatory,” which means able to walk.

It is derived from the Latin "ambulare," to walk, which has derivatives not only in words like "ambulate" but likewise in the more familiar “ambulance,” which is indirectly derived from the Latin via a French expression for a type of moving (in a broad sense, "ambulating") field hospital.

In contrast to his poor youth, Lucian’s lifestyle must have become rather wealthy. If something is “opulent” it is outwardly or obviously rich or luxurious. It comes from the Latin root “ops-,” which means either power / might or wealth / resources. It is related to the word “copious,” which means in abundance or great supply.