How to find the probability of an outcome - SAT Math

Here we have a logic statement:

If A (Jean's brother), then B (red hair).

"If Ron has red hair, then he is Jean's brother" states "If B, then A" - we do not know whether or not this is true.

"If Winston does not have red hair, then he is not Jean's brother" states "If not B, then not A" - this has to be true.

"If Paul is not Jean's brother, then he has red hair" states "If not A, then B." We do not know whether or not this is true.

"If Eddie is Jean's brother, then he does not have red hair" states "If A, then not B" - we know this cannot be true.

Add up the total number of jellybeans, 20 + 45 + 30 + 5 = 100.

Divide the number of watermelon jellybeans by the total: 20/100 and reduce the fraction to 1/5.

“Ben only goes to the park when it is sunny.” This means it has to be sunny out for Ben to go to the park, but it does not mean that he always is at the park when it is sunny. Looking at the first choice we can say that this is not necessarily true because it could be sunny and Ben doesn’t have to be at the park. Similar reasoning would prove the second choice wrong as well. The third choice is correct-Ben only is at the park when it is sunny, so he’s definitely not there when it’s not sunny. The fourth choice is clearly wrong because we know Ben only goes when it is sunny, not when it’s rainy.

There are four different types of cake. In this type of problem we want to guarantee we have one of each, so we need to assumbe we have very bad luck. We start with the red velvet since that is the type with the most cakes. If we open those 6 we are not guaranteed to have different ones. Then say we opened all five chocolate cakes, then all four carrot cakes. We still have only three types of cakes but opened 15 boxes. When we open the next box (16) we will be guaranteed to have one of each.

The probability of the point being inside the circle is the ratio of the area of the circle to the area of the square. If we suppose that the circle has radius r, then the square must have side 2r. The area of the circle is πr2 and the area of the square is 〖(2r)〗2=〖4r〗2, so the proportion of the areas is (πr2)/〖4r〗2 =π/4.

The bowl has 54 marbles, half green and half blue. This gives us 27 green and 27 blue marbles:

27 G / 27 B

John then takes 3 green and 6 blue from the bowl. This leaves the bowl with:

24 G / 21 B

If there are going to be more blue than green marbles after John's 13 marbles, he has to take at least 4 more green marbles than blue marbles, because right now there are 3 less blue marbles. Therefore, we need to take at least 9 green marbles, which would mean 4 or less of the marbles would be blue (8 green and 5 blue would leave us with equal green and equal blue marbles, so it would have to be more than 8 green marbles, which gives us 9 green marbles).

We can also solve this as an inequality. You take the difference in marbles, which is 3, which means you need the difference in green and blue marbles to be greater than 3, or at least 4. You have b + g = 13 and g - b > 3, where b and g are positive integers.

b + g = 13 (Subtract g on both sides of the equation)

b = 13 - g

g - b > 3 (Substitute above equation)

g - (13 - g) > 3 (Distribute negative sign in parentheses)

g - 13 + g > 3 (Add both g variables)

2g - 13 > 3 (Add 13 to both sides of the inequality)

2g > 16 (Divide both sides of the inequality by 2)

g > 8 so g has to be 9 or greater.

If x is chosen at random from the set (4, 6, 7, 9, 11) and y is chosen at random from the set (12, 13, 15, 17) then what is the probability that xy is odd?

Here we have 5 possible choices for x and 4 possible choices for y, giving us 5 * 4 = 20 possible outcomes.

We know that odd times odd = odd; even times even = even; and even times odd = even. Thus we need all of the outcomes where x and y are odd. We have 3 possibilities of odd numbers for x, and 3 possibilities of odd numbers for y, so we will have 9 outcomes of our total 20 outcomes where xy is odd, giving us a probability of 9/20.

There are 18 marbles in total. One of them is removed so now there are 17 marbles. This is our denominator. All of the original white marbles are still in the bag so there is a 4 out of 17 or 4/17 chance that the next marble taken out of the bag will be white.

Michael can toss either one head, two heads, or three heads.

If Michael tosses one head, then it could be on either the first, second, or third toss. We could model it like this, where H represents heads and T represents tails.

HTT, THT, or TTH

If Michael tosses two heads, then there are three possible combinations:

HHT, HTH, or THH

If Michael tosses three heads, then there is only one possible combination:

HHH

Thus, there are seven ways that Michael can toss at least one head. We must find the probability of each of these ways and then add them together.

The probability of rolling a head is ½ and the probability of rolling a tail is ½. Because each coin toss is independent, we can multiply the probabilities together.

For example, the probability of the combination HTT is (1/2)(1/2)(1/2) = 1/8

Probability of HTT = 1/8

Probability of THT = (1/2)(1/2)(1/2) = 1/8

Probability of TTH = (1/2)(1/2)(1/2) = 1/8

Probability of HHT = 1/8

Probability of HTH = 1/8

Probability of THH = 1/8

Probability of HHH = 1/8

So, there are seven possible ways that Michael can toss at least one head. The probability of each of these seven ways is equal to 1/8. Thus, the total probability of all seven events is 7/8.

ALTERNATE SOLUTION:

Michael can toss at least one head, or he can toss zero heads. The sum of these two probabilities must equal one, because they represent all of the ways that Michael could toss the coins. He could either toss at least on head, or he could toss no heads at all.

Probability of tossing at least one head + probability of tossing no heads = 1

The probability of tossing no heads is only possible with the combination TTT. The probability of tossing three tails is equal to (1/2)(1/2)(1/2) = 1/8

Probability of tossing at least one head + 1/8 = 1

Probability of tossing at least one head = 1 – 1/8 = 7/8 .

Probability of each event = (# green marbles + # blue marbles)/ Total # of Marbles

P1 = (15 + 25) / 125 = 40 / 125

Second event assumes a blue or green was chosen for first event so there is one fewer marble on top and also one fewer marble in the total number of marbles.

P2 = (14 + 25) / 124 = 39 / 124

Third event assumes a blue or green was chosen for first and second events so there are two fewer marbles on top and also two fewer marbles in the total number of marbles.

P3 = (13 + 25) / 124 = 38 / 123

Probability for multiple events = P1 x P2 x P3

(40 / 125) * (39 / 124) * (38 / 123)

( 40 * 39 * 38) / (125 * 124 * 123 ) = 59280 / 1906500 = 0.031

Probability of each event = (# queens)/ Total # of cards

P1 = 4 / 52

Second event assumes a queen was chosen for first event so there is one less queen and also one less card:

P2 = 3 / 51

Probability for multiple events = P1 x P2

(4 / 52) * (3 / 51)

( 4 * 3) / (52 * 51 ) = 12 / 2652 = 0.0045

There are 36 possible outcomes of the additive dice roll. The way to roll a sum of 9 is 6 (and vice versa) and 3 or 5 and 4 (and vice versa). This is possible 4 of the 36 times, giving a probability the sum of the two dice rolled of 4/36 or 1/9.

There are 20 total marbles. Selecting the first green marble has a 6/20 chance, the second green marble has a 5/19 chance. This gives a total chance of 30/380, or a 3/38 chance.

The first thing to do here is find the total number of students in the contest. Seniors = 300 * 5 = 1500, Juniors = 200 * 3 = 600, Sophomores = 200, and Freshmen = 100. So adding all these up you get a total of 2400 names in the hat. Out of these 2400 names, 600 of them are Juniors. So the probability of choosing a Junior's name is 600/2400 = 1/4.

There are 2 black queens in the deck, one of spades and one of clubs, so there is a 2/52 chance a black Queen will be drawn and 4/51 chance of drawing a 5 of any color, since the queen has already been removed from the deck. Thus: 2/52 * 4/51 = 8/2652 → 2/663.

1

To NOT choose a red or blue, leaves 6 black and 10 green to choose from. That leaves 16 marbles out of a total of 32 marbles, or a 1/2 chance.

We have blue, red, and green marbles in a bag. We need to consider all of the ways that we could draw at least one red. This means we can draw a red the first time, a red the second, or a red both times. These are the possible ways we could at least draw one red marble:

We can draw a red and then a blue.

We can draw a red and then a green.

We can draw a blue and then a red.

We can draw a green and then a red.

We could draw a red and then another red.

So we need to find the probability of each of these five scenarios. Then, we need to add these probabilities.

Let's look at the probability of the first scenario (red, then blue). The probability of drawing a red on the first time would be 4/10, because there are 10 marbles, and four are red. On the second draw, we don't put this marble back. This means we only have 9 marbles in the bag, and four of them are blue. Thus, the probability of the second draw being blue would be 4/9.

The probability of drawing a red and then a blue is equal to the product of these two events. Whenever we want to find the probability of one event AND another, we need to multiply. Thus, the probability of drawing the red AND then a blue would be (4/10)(4/9) = 16/90.

We can calculate the probability of the other four possibilities in a similar fashion.

The probability of drawing a red and then a green is (4/10)(2/9) = 8/90

The probability of drawing a blue then a red is (4/10)(4/9) = 16/90

The probability of drawing a green then a red is (2/10)(4/9) = 8/90

The probabilty of drawing a red then a red is (4/10)(3/9) = 12/90

To find the total probabilty, we need to add up the probabilities of the five different scenarios. Whenever we want to find the probability of one event OR another, we add. So the final probablity is

16/90 + 8/90 + 16/90 + 8/90 + 12/90 = 60/90 = 2/3.

The probability of drawing at least one red is 2/3.

Note that the choosing of a captain from each homeroom is independent of the other, such that the events are independent. This means that the probabilities of each event would be multiplied.

Find the probability that girls are selected for both homerooms. As this is the only possibility in which a boy is NOT selected, the answer is 1 minus this probability.

There are 9 students in Homeroom A. Of them, 5 are girls.

There are 10 students in Homeroom B. Of them, 7 are girls.

Probability of 2 girls = P(girl for A) x P(girl for B)

= (5/9) x (7/10) = 35/90 = 7/18

Probability of at least one boy = 1 - 7/18 = 11/18

First, observe that multiples of 5 are all those numbers that have a 0 or a 5 as their final digit (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, etc.), so the question is asking how many 4-digit integers under 7000 end in a 0 or a 5. Second, notice that the smallest 4-digit integer is 1,000. So, to rephrase the question, we want to find how many integers that are between 1000 and 6999 end in a 0 or a 5.

Writing the 4-digit integer as WXYZ, we see that there are six possibilties for W (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6), ten possibilities for X (0–9), ten possibilities for Y (0–9), and two possibilities for Z (0 and 5). So there are 6 * 10 * 10 * 2 = 1200 total integers between 1000 and 6999 that end in a 0 or a 5. Therefore, there are 1200 four-digit integers that are multiples of 5 and less than 7,000.

First, find the amount of time that the light is yellow, which is 50 – 20 – 25 = 5 seconds out of a 50 second cycle. The period of 100 seconds is irrelevant because the probability of getting a yellow light would be the same for any complete period or number of complete periods. So the probability of getting a yellow light would be 5/50 = 1/10.