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Flashcards: New SAT Reading

The chart below maps how scientists view others' work (left) and how they suspect others will view their own work (right) if the researcher (the scientist or another, depending on the focus) admitted to engaging in questionable research practices.

Screen shot 2020 08 26 at 9.36.40 am

Adapted from Fetterman & Sassenberg, "The Reputational Consequences of Failed Replications and Wrongness Admission among Scientists." December 9, 2015, PLOS One.

According to the graph, when the focus of the question was on their own actions, scientists

were more likely to admit that a study was wrong if they were more suspicious of other work.

correctly assumed that admitting that a study was wrong would not lead to an increase in suspicion of their work.

were less likely to admit that a study was wrong if they were more suspicious of other work.

incorrectly assumed that admitting that a study was wrong would lead others to be more suspicious of their work.

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Flashcards: New SAT Reading

According to the graph, when the focus of the question was on their own actions, scientists

Your answer:

were more likely to admit that a study was wrong if they were more suspicious of other work.

Your answer:

correctly assumed that admitting that a study was wrong would not lead to an increase in suspicion of their work.

Your answer:

were less likely to admit that a study was wrong if they were more suspicious of other work.

Correct answer:

incorrectly assumed that admitting that a study was wrong would lead others to be more suspicious of their work.

Explanation:

The key to any graph-based question is to make sure to look not just at the graph itself, but also at any additional information that is presented with the graph. In this case, you are told that the bars on the left represent how the scientists would view others' future work if the other person admitted to wrongdoing. Notice that if the other person admitted that they had been wrong that the people surveyed would be less likely to suspect them than if they didn't admit to wrongdoing. In contrast, the bars on the right show how they would anticipate others to react if they admitted to wrongdoing. In this case, they said that others would be more suspicious of their work if they did admit to wrongdoing than if they didn't. The answer that matches this is "incorrectly assumed that admitting that a study was wrong would lead others to be more suspicious of their work". While they assumed that others would be more suspicious of their work if they admitted to wrongdoing, scientists, in general, were less suspicious of individuals who admitted to wrongdoing.

Flashcards: New SAT Reading

The following is an excerpt from “Human Life and Migration - an Origin Story,” (2020)

It is now commonly accepted that human life originated in East Africa. There is less agreement as to whether the humans that left Africa in a final exodus as recently as 100,000 years ago replaced all other hominids (thus becoming ancestors to everyone now alive) or humans evolved independently in geographically separated regions. Recently, the replacement scenario, as it is sometimes called, has been lent support from genetic research.

Genetic investigations into the origins of human life most often focus on mitochondrial DNA. As opposed to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA is transmitted only from the mother. This allows for the tracing of mutations that arise independently of changes that occur because of the combining of the mother’s and father’s DNA. As useful as this is, the high mutation rate of mitochondrial DNA allows scientists a look at only relatively recent prehistory. Nuclear DNA, on the other hand, has a low mutation rate, making it ideal for looking into the more distant past. Studying the nuclear DNA of fossils now shows a substantial decrease in population size in Europe and Asia approximately 50—80 thousand years ago. No such decrease happened in Africa. This supports the idea that migrants from Africa replaced all previous humans, and did not interbreed with earlier migrants.

Other research shows less genetic diversity the farther human populations are located from Africa. This difference in diversity, which continues to the present day, also supports the hypothesis that modern human life came from Africa and gradually spread throughout the world. It is worth noting that there is no discontinuity in the decrease of diversity as one travels from Africa; this points to less distinct ethnic and racial divisions than is popularly thought to be the case.

As used in the highlighted portion, “tracing” most nearly means

overlooking

sketching

outlining

tracking

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Flashcards: New SAT Reading

The following is an excerpt from “Human Life and Migration - an Origin Story,” (2020)

As used in the highlighted portion, “tracing” most nearly means

Your answer:

overlooking

Your answer:

sketching

Your answer:

outlining

Correct answer:

tracking

Explanation:

In this example, the context suggests that transmittal of mitochondrial DNA from the mother allows the origins of mutations to be “traced.” If we were to fill in the blank with another term that maintains this context, “tracking” aligns well, as it maintains the meaning that the origins of the mutations can be kept track of. While “tracing” can mean outlining or sketching in other contexts, it would be completely illogical here. Keep in mind with vocabulary in context, it’s important that we ensure that the chosen answer doesn’t just express “a” meaning of the term in question - we need the meaning that fits the context and maintains the given meaning.

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