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Example Questions
Example Question #1 : Identifying, Monitoring, Providing Care, And Administering Medication To Treat Cardiovascular Diseases
Atrial septal defects allow blood to be shunted between the left and right atria. The most common atrial septal defect is:
none of the given answers are correct
ostium primum
ostium secundum
sinus venosus
ostium secundum
There are typically three types of atrial septal defects: ostium secundum, sinus venosus, and ostium primum. Of the three, ostium secundum, which occurs around the region of the foramen ovale, is the most common.
Example Question #1 : Clinical Competencies
Direct-acting vasodilators that are smooth muscle relaxants include which of the following medications?
I. Nitroglycerin
II. Furosemide
III. Nitroprusside
I and II only
I and III only
II only
III only
I and III only
Smooth muscle relaxants that are direct-acting vasodilators include nitroprusside and nitroglycerin. These medications, which are used in the treatment of heart failure, work to reduce cardiac filling pressures and dilate coronary arteries. Furosemide is a loop diuretic.
Example Question #1 : Identifying, Monitoring, Providing Care, And Administering Medication To Treat Cardiovascular Diseases
The two specialized cell types contained within the sinoatrial (SA) node:
border zone cells and specialized pacemaker cells
chondrocytes and border zone cells
cardiomyocytes and border zone cells
specialized pacemaker cells and cardiomyocytes
border zone cells and specialized pacemaker cells
The sinoatrial (SA) node contains two specialized cell types: border zone cells and specialized pacemaker cells. Cardiomyocytes are heart muscle cells, and chondrocytes are cartilage producing cells.
Example Question #1 : Identifying, Monitoring, Providing Care, And Administering Medication To Treat Cardiovascular Diseases
Which of the following is NOT a measurement on an arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis?
bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2)
fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2)
pH
fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2)
Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis includes five measurements: pH, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), bicarbonate ion (HCO3-), arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), and base excess (BE). Fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) is not apart of an ABG analysis.
Example Question #4 : Clinical Competencies
The process of ventilation has four phases. Which of the following correctly describes the events of Phase III?
movement of ambient air in and out of the respiratory tract
delivery of oxygen to the erythrocytes, and the removal of carbon dioxide from the erythrocytes and the bloodstream
diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli
regulation of ventilation
delivery of oxygen to the erythrocytes, and the removal of carbon dioxide from the erythrocytes and the bloodstream
The four phases of ventilation are as follows: Phase I is the movement of ambient air in and out of the respiratory tract; Phase II is the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli; Phase III entails the delivery of oxygen to erythrocytes, and the removal of carbon dioxide from the erythrocytes and the bloodstream; Phase IV is the regulation of ventilation.
Example Question #1 : Clinical Competencies
Sepsis is defined as a systemic response to an infection that includes the presence of two or more of a number of clinical conditions. Which of the following is NOT a clinical condition for sepsis?
respiratory rate over 20 breaths per minute
white blood cell (WBC) count greater than 6,000 cells/mm3
heart rate over 90 beats per minute
temperature less than 36°C
white blood cell (WBC) count greater than 6,000 cells/mm3
Sepsis is defined as a systemic response to an infection that includes the presence of two or more of the following conditions: a temperature greater that 38°C or a temperature less than 36°C; a heart rate greater than 90 beats per minute; a respiratory rate greater than 20 breaths per minute; a WBC greater than 12,000 cells/mm3; or a PaCO2 less than 32 mmHG. If sepsis occurs along with hypoperfusion and organ dysfunction, it becomes classified as severe sepsis. If sepsis occurs with hypotension and insufficient tissue perfusion that does not respond to fluid resuscitation, it becomes classified as septic shock.
Example Question #6 : Clinical Competencies
A patient with renal dysfunction presents with hypernatremia. This is most likely the result of:
an inability of the posterior pituitary to secrete ADH
an inability of the renal tubules to respond to ADH secretion
an inability of the kidneys to secrete renin
an inability of the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
an inability of the renal tubules to respond to ADH secretion
Hypernatremia is an electrolyte imbalance characterized via elevated sodium levels in the blood. This condition results in water retention and the development of excess extracellular fluid volume. In patient's with normal renal function, the condition is typically caused by a lack of ADH secretion via the posterior pituitary. In patients with renal dysfunction, the condition is typically the result of an inability of the renal tubules to respond to ADH secretion. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system functions to increase sodium reabsorption via the renal tubules, and thus insufficient secretion of either renin or aldosterone would work to produce the opposite effect of hypernatremia.
Example Question #7 : Clinical Competencies
A patient who has been exposed to tularemia is likely to be treated with:
antitoxin
anthelmintics
antivirals
antibiotics
antibiotics
Tularemia is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. The bacteria is generally found in rodents and rabbits, and the most common vectors are ticks and deer flies. A patient who has been exposed to tularemia is likely to be treated with antibiotics (streptomycin, gentamycin, tetracyclines, or fluoroquinolones).
Example Question #8 : Clinical Competencies
Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the GI tract that assists with digestion?
gallbladder
spleen
liver
pancreas
spleen
The major organs that make up the GI tract are: the mouth, the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestine, the large intestine, the rectum, and the anus. The accessory organs of digestion include the liver, the gallbladder, and the pancreas. The spleen plays a major role in filtering blood, working to remove old red blood cells.
Example Question #1 : Clinical Competencies
A patient in the ICU presents with acute pancreatitis. An examination reveals that the patient almost never consumes alcohol. The most common cause of acute pancreatitis in the nonalcoholic patient is:
biliary disease
codeine reaction
steroids
cystic fibrosis
biliary disease
Pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease in which pancreatic enzymes, which normally function to digest food in the small intestines, become activated in the pancreas and initiate autodigestion. The most common causes of acute pancreatitis are alcoholism and biliary disease (gallstones). Other less common causes of acute pancreatitis include: codeine reaction, cystic fibrosis, and use of steroid medications.
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