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Trigonometry : Complex Numbers/Polar Form

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Example Questions

Example Question #1 : Complex Numbers/Polar Form

Simplify using De Moivre's Theorem:

$\small (\cos x+i\sin x)^3$

Possible Answers:

$\small \small \cos 3x+i\sin3x$

$\small \small 3\cos x+3i\sin x$

$\small \small \cos 3x+i\sin x$

$\small \small \sin 3x+i\cos 3x$

Correct answer:

$\small \small \cos 3x+i\sin3x$

Explanation:

We can use DeMoivre's formula which states:

$z^n=r^n(\cos n\theta + i \sin n \theta)$

Now plugging in our values of $\small n=3$ and r=1 we get the desired result.

$\small (\cos x+i\sin x)^n=(\cos nx+i\sin nx)$

$\cos 3x +i \sin 3x$

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Example Question #2 : Complex Numbers/Polar Form

Evaluate using De Moivre's Theorem: (1-i)^8

Possible Answers:

16i

128

256

Correct answer:

Explanation:

First, convert this complex number to polar form.

$r= \sqrt{ a^2 + b^2 } = \sqrt{1^2 +(-1)^2 }=\sqrt{2}$

$\sin \theta = \frac{-1}{\sqrt2}$

$\theta = \frac{5 \pi }{4} \enspace or \enspace \frac{7 \pi }{4}$

Since the point has a positive real part and a negative imaginary part, it is located in quadrant IV, so the angle is $\frac{7\pi}{4}$ .

This gives us $(\sqrt{2} ( \cos \frac{7 \pi }{4} + i \sin \frac{ 7 \pi }{4} )) ^ 8$

To evaluate, use DeMoivre's Theorem:

DeMoivre's Theorem is

$(\cos(x)+i\sin(x))^n=\cos(nx)+i\sin(nx)$

We apply it to our situation to get:

$(\sqrt2 )^8 ( \cos \frac{ 7 \pi }{4} \cdot 8 + i \sin \frac{ 7 \pi }{4} \cdot 8 )$ simplifying

$2 ^ 4 ( \cos 14 \pi + i \sin 14 \pi )$ , $14 \pi$ is coterminal with since it is an even multiple of $\pi$

$2^ 4 (\cos 0 + i \sin 0 ) = 16(1 + 0i) = 16$

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Example Question #3 : Complex Numbers/Polar Form

Use De Moivre's Theorem to evaluate $(3 \sqrt3 -3i) ^ 6$ .

Possible Answers:

23,328 + 23,328 i

23,328 - 23,328 i

46,656

-46,656

15,625

Correct answer:

-46,656

Explanation:

First convert this point to polar form:

$r = \sqrt{(3\sqrt3)^2 + (-3)^2 } = \sqrt{9 \cdot 3 + 9 } = \sqrt{36} = 6$

$\cos \theta = \frac{ 3\sqrt3}{6 } = \frac{\sqrt3}{2}$

$\theta = \cos ^{-1} (\frac{\sqrt3}{2} ) = \frac{ \pi }{6} \enspace \or \enspace \frac{ 11 \pi }{6}$

Since this number has a negative imaginary part and a positive real part, it is in quadrant IV, so the angle is $\frac{ 11 \pi }{6}$

We are evaluating $(6 \cos \frac{11 \pi }{6} + i \sin \frac{ 11 \pi }{6} ) ^ 6$

Using DeMoivre's Theorem:

DeMoivre's Theorem is

$(\cos(x)+i\sin(x))^n=\cos(nx)+i\sin(nx)$

We apply it to our situation to get:

$6^6 (\cos \frac{ 11 \pi }{6} \cdot 6 + i \sin \frac{ 11 \pi }{6} \cdot 6)$

$\frac{11 \pi }{6} \cdot 6 = 11 \pi$ which is coterminal with $\pi$ since it is an odd multiplie

$46,656(\cos \pi + i \sin \pi ) = 46,656 (-1 + 0i) = -46,656$

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Example Question #4 : Complex Numbers/Polar Form

Use De Moivre's Theorem to evaluate (2 + 2i )^9 .

Possible Answers:

11,585.238 i

8,192 + 8,192 i

11,585.238

512

Correct answer:

8,192 + 8,192 i

Explanation:

First, convert the complex number to polar form:

$r = \sqrt{ 2^2 + 2^2 } = \sqrt{4 + 4 } = \sqrt{2 \cdot 4 } = 2 \sqrt 2$

$\sin \theta = \frac{ 2 }{ 2 \sqrt 2 } = \frac{ 1 }{ \sqrt2 }$

$\theta = \sin ^{-1 } (\frac{ 1}{ \sqrt 2 }) = \frac{ \pi }{4} \enspace or \enspace \frac{ 3 \pi }{4}$

Since both the real and the imaginary parts are positive, the angle is in quadrant I, so it is $\frac{ \pi }{4}$

This means we're evaluating

$(2 \sqrt2 (\cos \frac{ \pi }{4} + i \sin \frac{ \pi }{4} ))^ 9$

Using DeMoivre's Theorem:

DeMoivre's Theorem is

$(\cos(x)+i\sin(x))^n=\cos(nx)+i\sin(nx)$

We apply it to our situation to get.

$(2 \sqrt2 )^9 (\cos \frac{\pi }{4} \cdot 9 + i \sin \frac{ \pi }{4} \cdot 9 )$

First, evaluate $(2\sqrt2)^9$ . We can split this into $2^9 \cdot (\sqrt2)^9$ which is equivalent to $2^9 \cdot (\sqrt2)^8 \cdot \sqrt2 = 2^9 \cdot 2^4 \cdot \sqrt 2$

[We can re-write the middle exponent since $\sqrt 2$ is equivalent to $2^{\frac{1}{2}}$ ]

This comes to $8,192 \sqrt 2$

Evaluating sine and cosine at $\frac{\pi }{4} \cdot 9 = \frac{ 9 \pi }{4}$ is equivalent to evaluating them at $\frac{ \pi }{4}$ since $\frac{ 9 \pi }{4} - 2 \pi = \frac{9 \pi }{4 } - \frac{ 8 \pi }{4} = \frac{ \pi }{4}$

This means our expression can be written as:

$8,192 \sqrt2 ( \cos \frac{\pi }{4} + i \sin \frac{ \pi }{4} ) = 8,192 \sqrt2 (\frac{1}{\sqrt2} + i \frac{ 1}{\sqrt2}) = 8,192 + 8,192i$

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Example Question #5 : Complex Numbers/Polar Form

Find all fifth roots of 3+4i .

Possible Answers:

$\\k=0: \sqrt[5]{5}\left (\cos10.63^\circ+i\sin10.63^\circ \right )=R_1\\ k=1: \sqrt[5]{5}\left (\cos82.63^\circ+i\sin82.63^\circ \right )=R_2\\ k=2: \sqrt[5]{5}\left (\cos154.63^\circ+i\sin154.63^\circ \right )=R_3\\ k=3: \sqrt[5]{5}\left (\cos226.63^\circ+i\sin226.63^\circ \right )=R_4\\ k=4: \sqrt[5]{5}\left (\cos298.63^\circ+i\sin298.63^\circ \right )=R_5$

$\\k=0: \sqrt[5]{5}\left (\cos53.13^\circ+i\sin53.13^\circ \right )=R_1\\ k=1: \sqrt[5]{5}\left (\cos125.13^\circ+i\sin125.13^\circ \right )=R_2\\ k=2: \sqrt[5]{5}\left (\cos197.13^\circ+i\sin197.13^\circ \right )=R_3\\ k=3: \sqrt[5]{5}\left (\cos269.13^\circ+i\sin269.13^\circ \right )=R_4\\ k=4: \sqrt[5]{5}\left (\cos341.13^\circ+i\sin341.13^\circ \right )=R_5$

$\\k=0: \sqrt{5}\left (\cos53.13^\circ+i\sin53.13^\circ \right )=R_1\\ k=1: \sqrt{5}\left (\cos125.13^\circ+i\sin125.13^\circ \right )=R_2\\ k=2: \sqrt{5}\left (\cos197.13^\circ+i\sin197.13^\circ \right )=R_3\\ k=3: \sqrt{5}\left (\cos269.13^\circ+i\sin269.13^\circ \right )=R_4\\ k=4: \sqrt{5}\left (\cos341.13^\circ+i\sin341.13^\circ \right )=R_5$

$\\k=0: \sqrt{5}\left (\cos10.63^\circ+i\sin10.63^\circ \right )=R_1\\ k=1: \sqrt{5}\left (\cos82.63^\circ+i\sin82.63^\circ \right )=R_2\\ k=2: \sqrt{5}\left (\cos154.63^\circ+i\sin154.63^\circ \right )=R_3\\ k=3: \sqrt{5}\left (\cos226.63^\circ+i\sin226.63^\circ \right )=R_4\\ k=4: \sqrt{5}\left (\cos298.63^\circ+i\sin298.63^\circ \right )=R_5$

Correct answer:

Explanation:

Begin by converting the complex number to polar form:

$3+4i=5(\cos53.13^\circ+i\sin53.13^\circ)$

Next, put this in its generalized form, using k which is any integer, including zero:

$5[\cos(53.13^\circ+k360^\circ)+i\sin(53.13^\circ+k360^\circ)]$

Using De Moivre's theorem, a fifth root of 3+4i is given by:

$\left [5[\cos(53.13^\circ+k360^\circ)+i\sin(53.13^\circ+k360^\circ)] \right ]^\frac{1}{5}$

$=5^\frac{1}{5}\left (\cos\frac{53.13^\circ+k360^\circ}{5}+i\sin\frac{53.13^\circ+k360^\circ}{5} \right )$

$=\sqrt[5]{5}\left [\cos(10.63^\circ+k72^\circ)+i\sin(10.63^\circ+k72^\circ) \right ]$

Assigning the values k=0,1,2,3,4 will allow us to find the following roots. In general, use the values k=0, 1, 2, ... , n-1 .

$k=0: \sqrt[5]{5}\left (\cos10.63^\circ+i\sin10.63^\circ \right )=R_1$

$k=1: \sqrt[5]{5}\left (\cos82.63^\circ+i\sin82.63^\circ \right )=R_2$

$k=2: \sqrt[5]{5}\left (\cos154.63^\circ+i\sin154.63^\circ \right )=R_3$

$k=3: \sqrt[5]{5}\left (\cos226.63^\circ+i\sin226.63^\circ \right )=R_4$

$k=4: \sqrt[5]{5}\left (\cos298.63^\circ+i\sin298.63^\circ \right )=R_5$

These are the fifth roots of 3+4i .

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Example Question #6 : Complex Numbers/Polar Form

Find all cube roots of 1.

Possible Answers:

$\\R_1=1\\R_2=-\frac{1}{2}+i\sqrt{3}\\R_3=-\frac{1}{2}-i\sqrt{3}$

$\\R_1=1\\R_2=-\frac{1}{2}+i\frac{1}{2}\\R_3=-\frac{1}{2}-i\frac{1}{2}$

$\\R_1=1\\R_2=-\frac{1}{2}+i\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{3}\\R_3=-\frac{1}{2}-i\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{3}$

$\\R_1=1\\R_2=-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}+i\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{3}\\R_3=-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}-i\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{3}$

Correct answer:

$\\R_1=1\\R_2=-\frac{1}{2}+i\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{3}\\R_3=-\frac{1}{2}-i\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{3}$

Explanation:

Begin by converting the complex number to polar form:

$1=\cos0^\circ+i\sin0^\circ$

Next, put this in its generalized form, using k which is any integer, including zero:

$1=\cos(0^\circ+k360^\circ)+i\sin(0^\circ+k360^\circ)$

Using De Moivre's theorem, a fifth root of 1 is given by:

$[\cos(k360^\circ)+i\sin(k360^\circ)] ^\frac{1}{3}$

$=1^\frac{1}{3}\cdot \left [\cos\left (\frac{k360^\circ}{3} \right )+i\sin\left (\frac{k360^\circ}{3} \right ) \right ]$

$=\cos k 120^\circ+i\sin k120^\circ$

Assigning the values k=0, 1, 2 will allow us to find the following roots. In general, use the values k=0, 1, 2, ... , n-1 .

$k=0: \cos0^\circ+i\sin0^\circ=1=R_1$

$k=1: \cos120^\circ+i\sin120^\circ=-\frac{1}{2}+i\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{3}=R_2$

$k=2: \cos240^\circ+i\sin240^\circ=-\frac{1}{2}-i\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{3}=R_3$

These are the cube roots of 1.

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Example Question #7 : Complex Numbers/Polar Form

Find all fourth roots of $-8-8i\sqrt{3}$ .

Possible Answers:

$\\R_1=1+i\sqrt{3}\\ R_2=-\sqrt{3}+i\\ R_3=-1-i\sqrt{3}\\ R_4=\sqrt{3}-i$

$\\R_1=1-i\sqrt{3}\\ R_2=-\sqrt{3}-i\\ R_3=-1+i\sqrt{3}\\ R_4=\sqrt{3}+i$

$\\R_1=-1-i\sqrt{3}\\ R_2=\sqrt{3}-i\\ R_3=1+i\sqrt{3}\\ R_4=-\sqrt{3}+i$

$\\R_1=-1+i\sqrt{3}\\ R_2=\sqrt{3}+i\\ R_3=1-i\sqrt{3}\\ R_4=-\sqrt{3}-i$

Correct answer:

$\\R_1=1+i\sqrt{3}\\ R_2=-\sqrt{3}+i\\ R_3=-1-i\sqrt{3}\\ R_4=\sqrt{3}-i$

Explanation:

Begin by converting the complex number to polar form:

$-8-8i\sqrt{3}=16(\cos240^\circ+i\sin240^\circ)$

Next, put this in its generalized form, using k which is any integer, including zero:

$16[\cos(240^\circ+k360^\circ)+i\sin(240^\circ+k360^\circ)]$

Using De Moivre's theorem, a fifth root of $-8-8i\sqrt{3}$ is given by:

$\left [16\cos(240^\circ+k360^\circ)+i\sin(240^\circ+k360^\circ) \right ]^\frac{1}{4}$

$=16^\frac{1}{4}\left [\cos\left (\frac{240^\circ}{4}+\frac{k360^\circ}{4} \right )+i\sin\left (\frac{240^\circ}{4}+\frac{k360^\circ}{4} \right ) \right ]$

$=2\left [\cos\left (60^\circ+k90^\circ \right )+i\sin\left (60^\circ+k90^\circ \right ) \right ]$

Assigning the values k=0,1,2,3 will allow us to find the following roots. In general, use the values k=0, 1, 2, ... , n-1 .

$\\k=0: 2\left (\cos60^\circ+i\sin60^\circ \right )=2\left ( \frac{1}{2}+i\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{3} \right )=1+i\sqrt{3}=R_1\\ k=1: 2\left (\cos150^\circ+i\sin150^\circ \right )=2\left ( -\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{3}+\frac{1}{2}i \right )=-\sqrt{3}+i=R_2\\ k=2: 2\left (\cos240^\circ+i\sin240^\circ \right )=2\left ( -\frac{1}{2}-i\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{3} \right )=-1-i\sqrt{3}=R_3\\ k=3: 2\left (\cos330^\circ+i\sin330^\circ \right )=2\left ( \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{3}-\frac{1}{2}i \right )=\sqrt{3}-i=R_4$

These are the fifth roots of $-8-8i\sqrt{3}$ .

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Example Question #1 : Complex Numbers/Polar Form

The polar coordinates $\left ( r,\theta \right )$ of a point are $\left(2.1, \frac{7\pi }{3}\right )$ . Convert these polar coordinates to rectangular coordinates.

Possible Answers:

(1.05, 1.82)

(1.82, 1.05)

(2.1, 7.33)

(7.33, 2.1)

Correct answer:

(1.05, 1.82)

Explanation:

Given the polar coordinates $(r,\theta )$ , the -coordinate is $x= r \cos \theta$ . We can find this coordinate by substituting $r = 2.1, \theta = \frac{7\pi }{3}$ :

$x = r \cos \theta = 2.1 \cdot \cos \frac{7\pi }{3} = 2.1 \cdot 0.5 = 1.05$

Likewise, given the polar coordinates $(r,\theta )$ , the -coordinate is $y= r \sin \theta$ . We can find this coordinate by substituting $r = 2.1, \theta = \frac{7\pi }{3}$ :

$y = r \sin \theta = 2.1 \cdot \sin \frac{7\pi }{3} \approx 2.1 \cdot 0.8660 \approx 1.82$

Therefore the rectangular coordinates of the point $\left(2.1, \frac{7\pi }{3}\right )$ are (1.05, 1.82) .

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Example Question #2 : Complex Numbers/Polar Form

Express the complex number $z=4(\cos240^\circ+i\sin240^\circ)$ in rectangular form.

Possible Answers:

$z=-2-2\sqrt{3}i$

$z=2+i\sqrt{3}$

$z=-4-2\sqrt{3}i$

$z=4+i\sqrt{3}$

Correct answer:

$z=-2-2\sqrt{3}i$

Explanation:

To convert this number to rectangular form, first think about what $\cos240^\circ$ and $\sin240^\circ$ are equal to. Because $240^\circ=180^\circ+60^\circ$ , we can use a 30-60-90^o reference triangle in the 3rd quadrant to determine these values.

D5g1377

$\cos240^\circ=-\frac{1}{2}$

$\sin240^\circ=-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$

Now plug these in and continue solving:

$z=4(\cos240^\circ+i\sin240^\circ)$

$z=4(-\frac{1}{2}-i\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2})$

$z=-2-2\sqrt{3}i$

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Example Question #3 : Complex Numbers/Polar Form

For the complex number z=7+13i , find the modulus $r=\sqrt{x^2+y^2}$ and the angle $\theta=\tan^-^1\left (\frac{y}{x} \right )$ . Then, express this number in polar form $z=r(\cos\theta+i\sin\theta)$ .

Possible Answers:

$r=\sqrt{218}$

$\theta=61.7^\circ$

$z=\sqrt{218}(\cos61.7^\circ+i\sin61.7^\circ)$

$r=\sqrt{218}$

$\theta=28.3^\circ$

$z=\sqrt{218}(\cos28.3^\circ+i\sin28.3^\circ)$

$r=2\sqrt{30}$

$\theta=28.3^\circ$

$z=2\sqrt{30}(\cos28.3^\circ+i\sin28.3^\circ)$

$r=2\sqrt{30}$

$\theta=61.7^\circ$

$z=2\sqrt{30}(\cos61.7^\circ+i\sin61.7^\circ)$

Correct answer:

$r=\sqrt{218}$

$\theta=61.7^\circ$

$z=\sqrt{218}(\cos61.7^\circ+i\sin61.7^\circ)$

Explanation:

This problem has given us formulas, so we just need to plug in x=7 and y=13 and solve.

$r=\sqrt{x^2+y^2}$

$r=\sqrt{7^2+13^2}$

$r=\sqrt{218}$

$\theta=\tan^-^1\left (\frac{y}{x} \right )$

$\theta=\tan^-^1\left (\frac{13}{7} \right )$

$\theta=61.7^\circ$

$z=r(\cos\theta+i\sin\theta)$

$z=\sqrt{218}(\cos61.7^\circ+i\sin61.7^\circ)$

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Trigonometry : Complex Numbers/Polar Form

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