The Bantu migration, which began circa 1000 BCE, spread the Bantu language, as well as traditions like cattle symbolizing wealth and power. It did not end nomadic practices in Africa, which still continue in some places to this day, nor did it result in the trans-Saharan horse trade, as camels were more common than horses. 

The Bantu migration spread the Bantu language from Western Central Africa throughout the continent. This represented one of the greatest migrations of early history, and through this process Bantu influence spread throughout the sub-Saharan region.

Human beings are descended from aquatic creatures, but that is not the reason early human civilizations settled in river valleys. Human civilization began in river valleys because silt and irrigation allowed for expanded agricultural production which led to a food surplus, especially when fish and fowl were plentiful. With a surplus comes a diversity of economic activity, like using the river as a highway to trade with far away communities. A food surplus, long distance trade, and a diversity of economic activity made record keeping necessary, which eventually became literacy.

You must pay careful attention to the time period. Only Çatalhöyük existed during that specific time frame in the Neolithic Period.

The Persian empire repeatedly attacked Greek cities and colonies on its border for hundreds of years, including Sinope, which they conquered in the 4th century (when Diogenes was a young man).

The Trojan war, a semi-historical conflict, occurred centuries before Sinope and did not include Persians as factions.

The Greek war of independence occurred in the 20th century, thousands of years after Diogenes.

Although plague was common in the ancient world, the Black Death was a nearly world wide plague in the Middle Ages, thousands of years after the classical period (during which Diogenes was forced to abandon Sinope.)

Today, Sinope is a city in Turkey but the Turks did not conquer it until the Middle Ages.

Your clues here are the reference to the Harrapan Culture, which is also known as the Indus River Valley Civilization, Mohenjo-Daro is the most well known site of this Bronze Age people, and the undeciphered pictographic script. The second alone would not be much of a hint but taken together these two things provide you with your answer.

Scientists who study the Oceanic fossil and archaeological records believe that human beings arrived 40,000-60,000 years ago.

In the thousands of years since then, large migrations have added different peoples.

European contact with Oceania, on the other hand, goes back only a few hundred years.

The Etruscans were a community indigenous to the Italian peninsula conquered Rome early in its existence. Although Rome was able to overthrow them eventually, Rome's subjection left an indelible mark on the Roman psyche.

The Etruscans spread their culture to the Romans, but through military expansion, not pacifistic expansion.

The Etruscans were not involved the Trojan war.

The Etruscans had been assimilated by the Romans by the time that the Eastern Roman empire came into existence.

The Roman army developed the maniple system of fighting long after the Etruscans disappeared as an independent, and cohesive, cultural group.

Early Neolithic societies were generally ruled either by the strongest warriors or by religious figures who claimed to speak for the Gods. Often these two groups (priests and warriors) ruled together in tandem. Early human society relied heavily on religious figures to protect their crops, explain the universe, and speak to the Gods on their behalf.

Yu the Great is the legendary figure who is thought to have founded the Xia Dynasty, and by extension, China. The Xia Dynasty is the first dynasty in Chinese history (it actually predates written history).