Renin, as the passage establishes, is an enzyme. Enzymes always work by leaving the thermodynamic energies of the products and reactants the same, but lower activation energy of the reaction. Angiotensinogen is released by the liver, and converted by renin to angiotensin I. Renin does not directly act on the liver to stimulate angiotensinogen release.

Blood calcium levels are controlled primarily by two hormones: parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. Calcitonin is synthesized by the thyroid gland and decreases blood calcium levels. Parathyroid hormone acts as an antagonist to calcitonin and raises blood calcium levels.

Thyroxine, or T4, is a thyroid hormone involved in increasing basal metabolic rate. Glucagon stimulates the liver to release glucose into the blood, and raise blood glucose levels.

Antidiuretic hormone is released by the posterior pituitary gland, and acts on the kidneys in order to concentrate the urine. Alcohol can inhibit ADH, which can result in excessive urine production and potential dehydration.

Cortisol is secreted by the adrenal gland. We need to identify the hormone responsible for stimulating the adrenal gland and prompting it to release cortisol. This job is accomplished by adrenocorticotropic hormone (or ACTH). While aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal gland, it does not impact the release of cortisol to any significant degree.

The two main hormones of interest that are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin. Antidiuretic hormone plays a key role in retaining water at the level of the kidney. In patients with no ADH, fluid retention is severely diminished. Symptoms of this include frequent urination, hyperosmolality, and dehydration.

The two major hormones that control blood sugar levels are glucagon and insulin. Glucagon helps raise blood glucose levels, while insulin decreases blood sugar levels. Both of these hormones are created and secreted by the pancreas.

The parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone, which stimulates the synthesis of bone matrix to lower blood calcium levels. The adrenal cortex releases glucocorticoids, such as aldosterone, cortisone, and cortisol. The anterior pituitary gland secretes a number of hormones, including adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and growth hormone.

The pituitary gland has two separate sections: the anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior pituitary gland releases, among other hormones, growth hormone, prolactin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone. The posterior pituitary gland only releases two hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone. These hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transferred to the posterior pituitary for release.

The thyroid gland releases the thyroid hormones T3 and T4, as well as calcitonin. The adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids, such as aldosterone, cortisone, and cortisol.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It then travels and stimulates the adrenal gland cortex to release its hormones.

Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal gland, specifically the adrenal cortex.

Blood calcium levels are controlled primarily by the thyroid and parathyroid glands. The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (or PTH), which raises blood calcium levels, while the thyroid gland decreases blood calcium levels via the hormone calcitonin. Since the person currently has low blood calcium, the goal is to raise the blood calcium to normal levels. As a result, we can expect to see increased activity in the parathyroid glands.