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Example Questions
Example Question #1 : Types Of Hormones
ACTH is this type of hormone __________.
I. eicosanoid
II. steroid
III. polypeptide
IV. paracrine
V. None of these is a correct description
III
I
IV
II
V
III
There are many types of hormones, including all of the categories listed.
Gaseous? The dissolved gas, NO, is now known to be an important second messenger. Paracrine hormones are those that act on cells in close proximity to the secreting cell. ACTH is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the pituitary and conveyed by the bloodstream to the adrenal gland a meter away, so it is clearly not paracrine. ACTH causes the secretion of steroid hormones, but it is not a steroid.
Example Question #1 : Types Of Hormones
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of steroid hormones?
They are hydrophobic
They are synthesized by smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
They are derived from amino acids
They require carrier proteins to travel through the bloodstream
They are derived from amino acids
Steroid hormones are hydrophobic molecules, synthesized by smooth endoplasmic reticulum. As they are hydrophobic, they require a hydrophilic carrier protein to transport them through the bloodstream. Steroid hormones are generally derived from cholesterol, not amino acids.
Example Question #1 : Types Of Hormones
Which of the following is a direct hormone?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Growth hormone (GH)
The pneumonic to remember the hormone of the anterior pituitary is "FLAT PEG." Hormones in the word "FLAT" are tropic hormones, meaning that they act upon other endocrine glands as their target organs. Hormones in the word "PEG" are direct hormones, meaning they act directly on non-endocrine organs.
F - Follicle-stimulating hormone
L - Luteinizing hormone
A - Adrenocorticotropic hormone
T - Thyroid-stimulating hormone
P - Prolactin
E - Endorphins
G - Growth hormone
Example Question #1 : Types Of Hormones
Which of the following statements is a key difference between a peptide hormone and a steroid hormone?
Only one travels through the bloodstream in order to reach target cells
One travels a shorter distance than the other
They attach to receptors in different parts of the target cell
They affect the body for different lengths of time
They attach to receptors in different parts of the target cell
All hormones travel through the bloodstream in order to reach their target cells, but nonpolar hormones typically require a carrier protein. A key difference between peptide hormones and steroid hormones is their solubility. Peptide hormones are polar, which makes it difficult for them to pass through cell membranes. As a result, they attach to a receptor on the outside of the membrane. Steroid hormones, on the other hand, are nonpolar and can pass through cell membranes. They enter the nucleus and directly affect the cell at the transcription level.
Example Question #761 : Mcat Biological Sciences
Which of the following hormones would not require a carrier protein in the bloodstream?
Testosterone
Aldosterone
Oxytocin
Triiodothyronine
Oxytocin
There are three main types of hormones: peptide hormones, steroid hormones, and tyrosine derivatives. Only peptide hormones are soluble in water, and do not require carrier proteins in the bloodstream. Oxytocin is a peptide hormone, so it will not require a carrier protein.
Aldosterone and testosterone are all steroid hormones, and require a carrier protein. Triiodothyronine (T3) is a tyrosine derivative, and also requires a carrier.
Example Question #1 : Types Of Hormones
Which of the following hormones is a steroid hormone?
Testosterone
Epinephrine
Luteinizing hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Testosterone
It is important to know the three types of hormones: steroid, peptide, and tyrosine-derived hormones. Thyroid-stimulating hormone and the catecholamines (including epinephrine) are tyrosine-derived hormones. Luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and growth hormone are all peptide hormones. Steroid hormones include testosterone and estrogen.
Example Question #1 : Types Of Hormones
Which of the following is a peptide hormone?
Estrogen
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Epinephrine
Luteinizing hormone
Luteinizing hormone
It is important to know the three types of hormones: steroid, peptide, and tyrosine-derived hormones. Thyroid-stimulating hormone and the catecholamines (including epinephrine) are tyrosine-derived hormones. Luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and growth hormone are all peptide hormones. Steroid hormones include testosterone and estrogen.
Example Question #8 : Types Of Hormones
Hypersensitivity reactions occur when body tissues are affected by an abnormal immune reaction. The result is damage to normal tissues and clinical illness. A peanut allergy is an example of a hypersensitivity reaction, but there are three additional broad classes.
One class involves the abnormal production or deposition of antibodies. Antibodies are B-cell derived molecules that normally adhere to pathogens, rendering them unable to continue an infection. When antibodies are produced against normal tissues, however, disease can result. Figure 1 depicts a schematic structure of an antibody.
Antibodies can be divided into two peptide chains: heavy and light. Heavy chains form the backbone of the antibody, and are attached to light chains via covalent bonding. Each heavy and light chain is then further divided into constant and variable regions. Variable regions exhibit molecular variety, generating a unique chemical identity for each antibody. These unique patterns help guarantee that the body can produce antibodies to recognize many possible molecular patterns on invading pathogens.
In some hypersensitivity reactions, antibodies circulating in the blood can bind to and activate hormone receptors. For example, in Graves disease, antibodies can activate cell surface receptors for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) on thyroid tissue and cause excessive secretion of thyroid hormones. Based on this information, TSH most likely:
I. Is a peptide hormone
II. Modifies nuclear gene transcription
III. Is derived from cholesterol
I, II, and III
I only
II only
III only
I and II
I only
The question specifies that thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) binds to cell surface receptors. This is in contrast to steroid hormones, which are derived from cholesterol and bind to intracellular receptors before moving to the nucleus to directly modify gene expression. Remember, steroids are fat soluble and thus have no need for a receptor on the cell surface; they are small and nonpolar, allowing them to cross the membrane freely. In contrast, peptide hormones are not able to traverse the lipid membrane, and thus require a surface receptor.
Example Question #1 : Types Of Hormones
Researchers are studying a newly-discovered hormone that concentrates in the nuclei of exposed cells. Based on this finding, from which of the following molecules could this hormone possibly be synthesized?
Cholesterol
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Tyrosine
Glucose
Cholesterol
One commonality between all steroid hormones is that they are active in the nucleus. Due to their nonpolar design, these hormones can pass through phospholipid membranes. All steroid hormones can be derived from cholesterol. This class of hormones includes testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and aldosterone.
The other two classes of hormones are peptide hormones and tyrosine derivatives. Peptide hormones are proteins, synthesized from amino acids residues, and are unable to cross the lipid membrane due to their size and polarity. Thyroid-stimulating hormone is a peptide hormone. Tyrosine derivatives are modified from molecules of the amino acid tyrosine, making them polar. Thyroid hormones and epinephrine are derived from tyrosine.
Glucose is not used to synthesize hormones.
Example Question #91 : Hormones
Which of the following hormones is not a peptide hormone?
T4 (thyroid hormone)
Luteinizing hormone
Growth hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone
T4 (thyroid hormone)
It is important to know the three types of hormones: steroid, peptide, and tyrosine-derived hormones. T4, known as tetraiodothyronine, and the catecholamines are tyrosine-derived hormones. Luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and growth hormone are all peptide hormones. Steroid hormones include testosterone and estrogen.
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