The city of Jerusalem has long been a contentious city for people of the three great western monotheistic religions - Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It is sacred to all three religions and countless people have died to try and ensure that their religion controls the city. When considering why it is sacred to the Islamic faith we need look no further than the Dome of the Rock, the site where according to Islam the Prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven.  

Belfast is the capital city of Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is part of the United Kingdom and is therefore controlled by the British government based in London. It has a Protestant majority and a Catholic minority, the Catholic minority wants Northern Ireland to be reunited with the rest of Ireland into one nation. These political and religious differences have manifested themselves in the previous hundred years in bloody conflict and acts of terrorism and government persecution.

Although genocide can involve religious conflict, forced religious conversion, or spontaneous uprisings of ethnic violence, none of these answer choices is the best description of genocide. A “genocide” is a premeditated and deliberate attempt, usually sponsored by a government, to kill every individual from a particular ethnic group; to effectively eliminate that ethnic group’s presence from a region or from the planet. Famous examples of genocides include the Holocaust, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Armenian Genocide.

Shi’ite and Sunni are the two major denominations of Islam. They have existed almost as long as the religion itself and the initial discord (to make a complicated issue as simple as is possible) springs from disagreement over who inherited the right to guide the direction of the Islamic faith following the death of the Prophet Muhammad. Most Middle Eastern countries have a majority that practices one denomination and a minority that practices the other. This had led to a great deal of conflict in the past century (and indeed for the past several centuries).

The Basque people are mostly concentrated in northeastern Spain, with some overlap into southwestern France. Basque is a language, a culture, and an ethnic group distinct from the rest of Spain and many individuals within the nationality have long sought an independent nation-state.

Kashmir is a region of Northwestern India that is contended between Indians and Pakistanis. It has a large Muslim population, many of whom wish to be part of Pakistan (a majority Muslim country) rather than part of India (a majority Hindu) country. This dispute has led to many deaths in the years since the Great Partition of India in 1947.

Due to its unique history of invasion, occupation, and population migration the Balkan region of Southern Europe contains a diverse mixture of ethnicities living in a relatively small piece of territory. For centuries the potentially violent tensions were contained by the powerful empires that occupied the region, but in the early 1990s, with the fall of Yugoslavia and the division of the Balkans into many smaller states, violence broke out on an unprecedented scale. In Sarajevo and Srebrenica neighbors of one ethnicity committed atrocities against neighbors of another ethnicity. The region is home to Serbs, Croats, Greeks, Albanians, Muslims, and Bosnians - many of whom have centuries long feelings of hatred and distrust towards one another. It is a volatile region of the world because of its ethnic diversity.