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Example Questions
Example Question #1 : Ubiquitination Pathway
If a protein is bonded to ubiquitin, this tells the cell that the protein should be __________.
inactivated
activated
shortened
degraded
elongated
degraded
When a protein is damaged, it can be tagged with the molecule, ubiquitin. This signals to the cell that the protein is no longer functioning properly and needs to be degraded.
Example Question #2 : Ubiquitination Pathway
HMGCoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase) is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. Which of the following are true about the ubiquitination of this enzyme?
I. When cholesterol levels in the cell are high, the reductase binds to insulin-induced gene 1 proteins.
II. Binding to insulin induced gene 1 proteins leads to ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of reductase.
III. Ubiquitination occurs through the binding of the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin to the amino group of a lysine on the reductase.
IV. The enzyme tagged with ubiquitin is recognized by the proteasome where proteolysis occurs.
I, II, III, and IV
II, III, and IV
II and IV
I and II
II and III
I, II, III, and IV
HMGCoA reductase is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. The reductase is present on the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. When levels of its product, cholesterol, are high, the enzyme gets ubiquitinated and degraded in smaller peptides and amino acids. It first binds to insulin-induced gene 1 protein before ubiquitination.
Example Question #1 : Protein Hydrolysis
Amino terminal - Ala - Lys - Glu - Phe - Phe - Ala - Leu - carboxyl terminal.
If the above primary sequence is cleaved by trypsin, on which amino acid will the new amino terminal be?
Lys
Phe
Glu
Leu
Ala
Glu
Trypsin will cleave the primary sequence after the lysine residue (on its carboxyl side). Thus, Lys will be the new carboxyl terminal and Glu will be the new amino terminal. Remember that a protein's primary sequence is written from N to C.
Example Question #2 : Protein Hydrolysis
Which of the following proteases would cleave lysine at the carbonyl side?
Pepsinogen
Pepsin
None of these
Chymotrypsin
Trypsin
Trypsin
Trypsin will cleave lysine and arginine at the carbonyl side. Chymotrypsin will cleave phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan at the carbonyl side. Pepsin will cleave leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine at the amino side. Pepsinogen is the inactive form of pepsin, which gets activated via cleavage by hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
Example Question #3 : Protein Hydrolysis
What is the result of chymotrypsin being added to the peptide shown?
Gly-Ala-Pro-Tyr-His-Cys-Gly-Phe-Gly-Gly-Asn
Gly-Ala, Pro-Tyr, His-Cys, Gly-Phe, Gly-Gly-Asn
Gly-Ala-Pro, Tyr-His-Cys-Gly, Phe-Gly-Gly-Asn
Gly-Ala, Pro-Tyr, His-Cys-Gly, Phe-Gly-Gly-Asn
Gly-Ala-Pro-Tyr, His-Cys-Gly-Phe, Gly-Gly-Asn
Gly-Ala-Pro-Tyr, His-Cys-Gly, Phe-Gly-Gly-Asn
Gly-Ala-Pro-Tyr, His-Cys-Gly-Phe, Gly-Gly-Asn
Chymotryspin cleaves Phe, Trp, and Tyr at the carbonyl side. This means that there will be a cleavage after any of these three amino acids appears. This results in Gly-Ala-Pro-Tyr, His-Cys-Gly-Phe, Gly-Gly-Asn.
Example Question #4 : Protein Hydrolysis
In biochemistry, turnover is a term that refers to the rate at which a compound is produced and subsequently degraded. Within the cell, many compounds are continuously being synthesized and degraded, although at a range of different rates. In a typical cell, how would the turnover rates for DNA, mRNA, and protein be expected to differ from largest to smallest?
mRNA > DNA > Protein
Protein > mRNA > DNA
DNA > Protein > mRNA
Protein > DNA > mRNA
mRNA > Protein > DNA
mRNA > Protein > DNA
In this question, we're provided with a description of turnover rate. We're then asked to identify the relative turnover rates for protein, mRNA, and DNA.
To answer this question, it's important to have a general understanding of the role each of these molecules has in the cell. DNA resides in the nucleus and functions to provide the blueprint for producing mRNA. This mRNA, in turn, is processed and exported to the cytoplasm, where it interacts with ribosomes to be translated into protein. Finally, these proteins can have a wide variety of functions, including structural proteins, enzymes, antibodies, etc.
Based on the function of each of these molecules, we can reason our way to see what their relative turnover rates are expected to be.
Since DNA essentially provides the blueprint for the production of all proteins from a cell, its role is extremely important. While it's true that genes can be turned on and off, there's always going to be activity going on in the form of transcription within the nucleus; genes are being converted into mRNA all the time. Because it serves such an important role, and is even needed for cells that divide, we would expect DNA to have a practically non-existent turnover rate.
Next, let's take a look at mRNA. Though DNA is the blueprint that directs the production of protein, mRNA acts as the intermediate between the two. The advantage of this is that it allows for more levels of control. In addition to regulating transcription of genes through various means, post-transcriptional control is also possible. This level of control involves modifying the mRNA transcript to make it more resistant to degradation, or sometimes even degrading it to turn off gene expression. Overall, mRNA doesn't have a very long half-life within the cells. Because it serves as the intermediate between protein and DNA, once the protein has been translated, the mRNA is not really needed anymore. Thus, mRNA tends to have a high turnover rate, being produced whenever the cell needs it (gene expression turned on) and degraded whenever it isn't needed (gene expression turned off).
Lastly, let's look at protein. As was said previously, proteins have a vast array of functions. Whereas DNA and mRNA are responsible for producing protein, it is the protein that serves as the actual effectors; they're the ones that take action to get things done, either inside or outside the cell. In addition to being produced from DNA and mRNA, proteins can also be degraded via a process called ubiquitination. But, overall, since proteins are the actual effectors in the whole process, their turnover is lower than mRNA but higher than DNA.
Overall, the turnover rate is greatest for mRNA, followed by protein, with DNA having the lowest.
Example Question #1 : Protein Degradation
A polypeptide when treated with trypsin yielded the following fragments:
(AM) (SAK) (YMPLWGIR)
The same polypeptide treated with chymotrypsin yielded the following fragments:
(MPLW) (GIRAM) (SAKY)
Which of the following displays the original sequence of the polypeptide?
GIRAMSAKYMPLW
AMSAKYMPLWGIR
WGIRAMSAKYMPL
MPLWGIRAMSAKY
SAKYMPLWGIRAM
SAKYMPLWGIRAM
This problem requires knowledge of the endopeptidase properties. Trypsin cleaves after the amino acids lysine and arginine, and chymotrypsin cleaves after the amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan.
Using this information, the slashes below indicate where each enzyme cleaved the polypeptide.
(AM) (SAK)/ (YMPLWGIR)/ trypsin
(MPLW)/ (GIRAM) (SAKY)/ chymotrypsin
Because the (AM) and (GIRAM) fragments have no slash after M in both the first and second treatment, one can conclude that this piece is at the end of the polypeptide. The other two pieces are sequenced by realizing that S starts the (SAK) and (SAKY) fragments and is never found in the middle of a fragment.
Example Question #1 : Protein Degradation
Which of the following describes the unfolded protein response?
All of these answers
Stopping protein translation
Increasing amount of local chaperones
Triggering cell death
Targeting misfolded proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome
All of these answers
There are 4 main steps in the unfolded protein response: (1) Translation of proteins is stopped, (2) Chaperones are recruited to the location of misfolded proteins, (3) Misfolded proteins are "tagged" with ubiquitin chains for degradation by the 26S proteasome, (4) if the above steps fail, the cell undergoes programmed cell death. Thus, all of the answers choices are affiliated with the unfolded protein response.
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