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Flashcards: Understanding Main Ideas in Social Science Passages
Adapted from “Introductory Remarks” in The Interpretation of Dreams by Sigmund Freud (trans. 1913)
In attempting to discuss the interpretation of dreams, I do not believe that I have overstepped the bounds of neuropathological interest. For, when investigated psychologically, the dream proves to be the first link in a chain of abnormal psychic structures whose other links—the hysterical phobia, the obsession, and the delusion—must interest the physician for practical reasons. The dream can lay no claim to a corresponding practical significance; however, its theoretical value is very great, and one who cannot explain the origin of the content of dreams will strive in vain to understand phobias, obsessive and delusional ideas, and likewise their therapeutic importance.
While this relationship makes our subject important, it is responsible also for the deficiencies in this work. The surfaces of fracture, which will be frequently discussed, correspond to many points of contact where the problem of dream formation informs more comprehensive problems of psychopathology which cannot be discussed here. These larger issues will be elaborated upon in the future.
Peculiarities in the material I have used to elucidate the interpretation of dreams have rendered this publication difficult. The work itself will demonstrate why all dreams related in scientific literature or collected by others had to remain useless for my purpose. In choosing my examples, I had to limit myself to considering my own dreams and those of my patients who were under psychoanalytic treatment. I was restrained from utilizing material derived from my patients' dreams by the fact that during their treatment, the dream processes were subjected to an undesirable complication—the intermixture of neurotic characters. On the other hand, in discussing my own dreams, I was obliged to expose more of the intimacies of my psychic life than I should like, more so than generally falls to the task of an author who is not a poet but an investigator of nature. This was painful, but unavoidable; I had to put up with the inevitable in order to demonstrate the truth of my psychological results at all. To be sure, I disguised some of my indiscretions through omissions and substitutions, though I feel that these detract from the value of the examples in which they appear. I can only express the hope that the reader of this work, putting himself in my difficult position, will show patience, and also that anyone inclined to take offense at any of the reported dreams will concede freedom of thought at least to the dream life.
The author of this passage is most interested in __________.
the similarities between human brains and the brains of other mammals
the ability of certain dreams to foreshadow future events
the workings of the human mind
the role of criticism in science
the physical structure of the brain
All GMAT Verbal Resources
Studying for the GMAT is an absolute necessity, as the scores you receive help to form an objective measure of the abilities business programs are looking for in ideal candidates. For applicants who find greater ease in working with numbers than with words and for those who left the classroom environment months or years ago, preparing for the rigors of the GMAT’s Verbal section can seem like an uphill battle. In addition, the Verbal section tests a notably broad range of critical reasoning skills, one more expansive than what students may expect on a single test section or have experience with from previous standardized tests. Understanding exactly what is expected of you when answering each of the section’s three question types allows you to narrow your review to where it is most needed and gain confidence by improving your weakest abilities, leaving you with a well-rounded set of verbal skills and the confidence that you can use them to succeed on your test’s Verbal section. Whether you need GMAT tutoring in Atlanta, GMAT tutoring in Houston, or GMAT tutoring in San Francisco, working one-on-one with an expert may be just the boost your studies need.
The appearance of Reading Comprehension questions on this section likely come as no surprise, as being able to quickly and accurately understand what one reads is a skill necessary to success in business. The GMAT’s Reading Comprehension questions present passages of about 350 words in length drawn from topics in the natural sciences, the social sciences, the humanities, and business. While some Reading Comprehension questions test relatively straightforward concepts like main idea and argumentative claims, others require more abstract reasoning and concern elements of writing such as authorial tone, passage organization, and the purpose and effect of given selections. Still other questions demand that students pick up on subtle cues to make inferences and draw conclusions.
Sentence correction questions may come as a slight surprise on the same section featuring the analysis of prose passages, as many standardized exams split these two skills into a reading section and a writing or English section; however, one cannot deny that the ability to communicate concisely and unambiguously serves well individuals in managerial roles. The GMAT’s Sentence Correction questions provide you with a complete sentence, part or all of which is underlined. Your task is to decide whether the underlined portion of the sentence is incorrect or could be better phrased by exchanging it with one of the provided answer choices. These questions demand a rigorous attention to small grammatical details as well as a sense of how proposed changes function in the context of the sentence as a whole. Varsity Tutors also offers resources like a free GMAT Verbal Practice Tests to help with your self-paced study, or you may want to consider a GMAT tutor.
Perhaps the most surprising GMAT Verbal question type, the Critical Reasoning questions featured on this section of the exam measure a student’s skill in analyzing the logic and soundness of arguments. Critical Reasoning questions present you with a short argument a few sentences in length and concern premises, weaknesses, and implications of that argument. Familiarizing yourself with common argumental flaws such as flaws of sampling, flaws of analogy, and causal flaws can give you a framework to rely on when approaching these questions. In addition to the GMAT Verbal Flashcards and GMAT tutoring, you may also want to consider using some of our free GMAT Verbal Diagnostic Tests.
If you feel unprepared for one, two, or all of the question types that appear on the GMAT’s Verbal section, trying practice problems in your problem areas can be a first step toward mastering them. Varsity Tutors’ free GMAT Verbal flashcards are an excellent resource that you can use anywhere at any time to practice in a focused fashion on just the topics that trouble you. Our free GMAT Verbal flashcards each offer a full explanation of the reasoning used to arrive at the correct answer; this allows any flashcards you miss to become potential learning experiences. After all, any missteps you identify and correct while studying are mistakes you are not likely to make on test day. Whether you want to review an entire problem type or focus on one specific concept tested, our GMAT Verbal flashcards are organized so that you can study at the level of specificity that best suits the current needs of your review. With the help of our flashcards and other free GMAT Verbal resources, you can make yourself an expert on each GMAT Verbal question type and look forward to demonstrating your newly-sharpened skills on your exam.
