The key word in this sentence is "bad." The correct answer will have a highly negative meaning. Resplendent, mellifluous, and melodious are all too positive in meaning. Torpid, meaning flat or dullness, is not strong enough. Acrid, meaning pungent and sharp, is the best fit.

The structure of the sentence makes it clear that the old man views his habit differently from his doctors. The answer, therefore, needs to mean the opposite of "unhealthy."  "Restorative," meaning a soothing and revitalizing tonic, is the best choice.

"Bird calls," particularly a variety of them, are quite noisy and musical. The correct answer will have something to do with sound or music.  "Euphonic, meaning pleasant sounding or beautifully musical, is the best choice.

Farmers are contrasted with other manufacturers on the basis of other manufacturers being outside the country.  "Domestic" indicates that farmers are inside the country and makes sense of the contrast.

"Unassociated" means unconnected or distinct and is most clearly consistent with the first sentence of the passage.  No other answer fits the description of modern philosophy from the first sentence.

Because the Kiwi lives in New Zealand, we can eliminate "absent from" and "dearth in," as "dearth" means lack and is not used in a gramatically correct way in that answer choice (it is a noun, and you usually hear about "dearths of" things). Similarly, "insular in" is also gramatically incorrect, and doesn't fit the sentence ("insular" means ignorant about cultures one has never encountered). Since the kiwi not only lives in New Zealand, but it lives only in New Zealand and is "found nowhere else in the world," it is not only "extant in" (still existing in) New Zealand, it is "endemic to" the country—meaning that is found there, but nowhere else. So, "endemic to" is the correct answer.

The sentence makes the neighbor's cat's escape plan sound complicated and clever, so you know you are looking for a word that could mean clever or cunning. Be careful not to confuse "ingenuous" with "ingenious"; the former means naive, while the latter means clever, and is therefore the best choice for this question.

The structure of the sentence indicates the teacher's view of the boy's antics were opposed to his classmates'. Clever and charming would be how the class views his behavior, while staid and ponderous do not indicate an appropriate level of annoyance. Only boorish, meaning ill-mannered, fits in the sentence.

The revolutionary's rhetoric attacked values that he himself exhibited, which is indicated from the sentence's structure. The best fit among the answer choices is bourgeois, meaning middle class, as his nice furniture into the dominant social assumptions.

The word "belied" indicates the child's mannerisms were in contrast to his athletic gifts.  Vigorous, vibrant, and energetic would all make his athleticism expected. Languid, meaning slow and easygoing, is the best answer choice.