A phase contrast microscope is best for the visualization of living things because the other types of microscopy require methods of mounting onto a slide that can kill the organisms. 

Organisms have the ability to reproduce in various ways outside of sexual reproduction. Mechanisms of asexual reproduction include binary fission, budding, regeneration, and parthenogenesis. Binary fission refers to mitotic division, leading to independent daughter offspring. Budding refers to the growth of a viable offspring from the main organism, before becoming mature and detaching. Regeneration refers to the ability to reproduce from a severed appendage. Parthenogenesis refers to development of an embryo without being fertilized.

Induction is involved in cell-cell communication during embryogenesis, causing one group of cells to change an adjacent group's behavior. It is not a method of asexual reproduction, and is therefore the correct answer. 

Extra-genomic DNA is DNA that does not originate from the nuclear genome. DNA from mitochondria is passed down from generation to generation from the mother to the offspring. It is considered extra-genomic because the genome for mitochondria comes from the actual cell constituent rather than the nucleus of the cell.

Other examples of extra-genomic DNA are plasmids and viral genomes that may become incorporated during the lysogenic viral cycle.

Any chromosomal DNA is considered genomic, and is contained in the organismal genome.

The passage tells us that the type of fatty linkages in cell membranes can tell us what domain an organism belongs to.  For example, bacteria have ester linkages while archea have ether linkages.  The other answers are wrong for a few reasons.  All cells have DNA as their primary genetic material.  Viruses have RNA sometimes, but they aren't considered alive.  Both bacteria and plants have cell walls, so that won't tell us for sure what the domain is.  As stated in the passage, all cells have cellular membranes.  While the environment can tell us a bit about the cell, the passage doesn't say it is a sure way to know, so we can't make an assumption based on that.

Bacteria can be killed by antibiotics, whereas viruses cannot. 

Both bacteria and viruses have genetic material, can cause disease, and are smaller than eukaryotic cells. Neither of them has a nucleus.

T-lymphocytes are members of the adaptive immune system, and are only activated after the innate immune system fails to eliminate the antigen. The adaptive immune system is a more specified response to the antigen, requiring previous exposure to the foreign pathogen and involving the secretion of antibodies. In contrast, the innate immune response does not require previous exposure or involve antibody release.

Both bacteria and eukaryotic cells regulate their cytosolic osmoles in order to both maintain the integrity of their cell membranes and to maintain proper functioning of cytosolic proteins. Although bacteria have the added protection of a cell wall, they still rely on ion gradients to regulate the uptake and release of nutrients. Both regulate transcription using transcription factors and undergo aerobic respiration. Bacteria do NOT process their mRNA. Rather, it can be transcribed and translated simultaneously.