All of these methods can successfully synthesize secondary alcohols.

Lithium aluminum hydride and sodium borohydride are strong and weaker reducing agents, respectively. Both are able to reduce ketones to secondary alcohols.

Adding water and acid to an alkene (such as propene) results in Markovnikov addition of a hydroxyl group, also creating a secondary alcohol.

Grignard reagents (organometallic halides) add to the carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde, adding an alkane group and forming an alcohol product.

A secondary amine is an amine (nitrogen atom) that is attached to two carbon-containing groups (alkyl groups or aryl groups). The nitrogen in ephedrine is attached to two alkyl groups, making it a secondary amine.

Primary amines are generally written as . Secondary amines are generally written as . A tertiary amine will be bound to three different R-groups. Quaternary amines require a positive charge on the nitrogen atom to accommodate a fourth R-group.

The way the question is phrased, three answer choices must favor an S_N2 reaction, while the "correct" answer is a factor that does not favor, or disfavors an S_N2 reaction.

S_N2 reactions are bimolecular, and thus their rate of reaction depends on both the substrate and the nucleophile, forming a high energy transition state in which the nucleophile will displace the substate's leaving group at an angle of 180^o. The more sterically hindered the compound is, the higher in energy the transition state will be, and the slower the rate of reaction will be. Consequently, S_N2 reactions are favored when the leaving group (a halogen in this case) is on a primary carbon center. Additionally, because the reaction is bimolecular, step two of the reaction will NOT occur without a good nucleophile to displace the leaving group. Finally, all S_N2 reactions are favored by polar aprotic solvents.  

Because S_N2 reactions proceed via a transition state, no carbocation intermediate is formed (that happens in S_N1 reactions) and therefore the formation of any carbocation favors an S_N1 reaction, not an S_N2 reaction.

The addition of bromine gas () to the reaction vessel would likely result in the addition of one half of the diatomic bromine to each carbon, eliminating the double bond and resulting in an alkyl halide chain.

Halogenation reactions refer to reactions between a halogen and an alkane, while addition reactions occur between a halogen and an alkene (such as the product in reaction 2).

The carbocation forms spontaneously with the loss of the chlorine atom. This is the rate determining step, thus, the concentration of the halide is the most important determinant of reaction rate. Carbocations form spontaneously in these reactions, and do not use the strong base to remove the halogen.

Reaction 1 represents an S_N2 reaction. The rate limiting step involves both reactants coming together to form a transition state. The rate of this reaction depends on the concentration of both the organic molecule and the nucleophile.

In contrast, reaction 2 is an E1 reaction, in which the rate limiting step is the removal of the leaving group to form a carbocation. In E1 and S_N1 reactions, adjusting the concentration of the halide only is enough to affect the rate.

Cysteine's R-group contains a sulfhydryl group (-SH), which can participate in the formation of a disulfide bridge in a protein's tertiary and/or quaternary structure. Cysteine is the only amino acid to contain a sulfur atom.

Ozonolysis is essentially used to cleave a compound at the location of a double bond. For the result to be a single product, the cleavage must occur at a point of symmetry.

4-octene, a symmetrical alkene, would give two equivalents of butanal upon ozonolysis. All of the other compounds are unsymmetrical and would give at least two different non-identical products.

Huckel's rule states that an aromatic compound must have  delocalized electrons. The electrons in each double bond are delocalized for this molecule. There are nine double bonds, and thus eighteen delocalized electrons.

If 4n+2=18, then n=4.