The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus was one of the first temples built in the city of Rome and was the largest in Italy at the time of its construction. It stood on the Capitoline Hill and was one of the highest points in the city until it was burned down in 83 BCE. The Pantheon was built in about 128 BCE. The Temple of Hercules Victor was built in the late 2nd century. The Temple of Mars Ultor was built over a very long period of time, and it was inaugurated in 2 BCE. The Temple of Caesar was opened in 29 BCE.

Arianism, proposed by Arius in the Third Century CE, proposed that Jesus Christ could not be God because God himself is unique and immutable. This would mean that Jesus Christ was created by God and therefore lesser. This was considered heretical and banned from Orthodoxy, but caught on in Germanic cultures. 

Developed approximately around 500 BCE by Gautama Buddha in Northeastern India, Buddhism first spread to Central Asia and Southeast Asia after a few centuries.  Shortly thereafter it spread into China, Korea, and Japan.

Zoroastrianism was the official religion of both the Achaemenid and Sassanid Persian empires.  It is still practiced today, though the number of followers that adhere to Zoroastrianism is low in comparison to religions such as Christianity  or Islam.

Although initially Rome's government persecuted early Christian communities, the Roman emperor Constantine tolerated Christians and even converted to Christianity himself; Christianity became the official state religion. The Athenian Empire and the Nabataeans existed before Christianity. The Hunnic Empire, a great enemy to Rome, was never Christian. The Mongol Empire had a Christian population that was tolerated but was never officially Christian.

Augury had been the preferred method of divination within the Roman Empire until the popularization of Christianity in the Fourth Century. Things even as important as matters of state would be solved with a visit to the augur. Ephor were ancient Spartan leaders. Pontefix Maximus were high priests, but they were not necessarily concerned with augury. Princeps was a term for the Roman Emperor.

The path of Buddhist philosophy is to attempt to reach Nirvana, this is done through meditation and the philosophy of the eight-fold path. Nirvana is the state reached were the practitioner abolishes ignorance and worldly cravings, and is therefore released from suffering.

Siddhartha Gautama, also known as the Buddha, was born into a wealthy and powerful noble family.

His family was neither poor, nor carpenters, nor merchants but rather warriors and landowners.

Moses, and the more secular historical figure Sargon, were both leaders who were recorded as being placed in baskets and sent down rivers as infants (for Moses this was the Nile, for Sargon the Euphrates). The Buddha, on the other hand, was raised in a pleasure palace with his family.

Known as the Hijrah, Mohammed fled the city of Mecca with his followers; this event marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar.

The death of Ali, Mohammed's grandson, is important to understanding the difference between Sunnis and Shias, but it is not the beginning of the Muslim calendar.

Mohammed's birth date is celebrated in some Muslim communities as the holiday Mawlid, but it is not the beginning of the Muslim calendar.

Mohammed's death is an important event in Muslim history but not the beginning of the Muslim calendar.

Mohammed's return to Mecca is a triumphant event in the history of Islam and the Middle East, but it is not the beginning of the Muslim calendar.

In the early 300s, Byzantine authorities adopted Christianity as the empire's religion. Archaeological finds from that era document this increasing Christianization, especially visual motifs such as crosses.

Although there may have been a vibrant counter-culture celebrating paganism, Byzantium did not suffer from widespread civil wars between pagans and Christians.

Mohammed lived in the 7th century, centuries after Byzantine authorities adopted Christianity.

Byzantine authorities never forced suspected to pagans to march over stone portraits of pagan deities, although this was actually a Japanese practice in the 17th through 19th centuries against suspected Christian communities.

Some Byzantine emperors were more religious than others, but they tended to rule with absolute power; as a general rule they were not hermitic and did not delegate political power to generals in the army due to religious beliefs.