Gas exchange in the lungs is located in the __________.

Among the most important pH buffer systems in humans is the bicarbonate buffer, which keeps the blood at a remarkably precise 7.42 pH.  The bicarbonate buffer system uses a series of important compounds and enzymes to make the system function.  Figure 1 depicts the key reactions that take place.

The activity of this buffer system is mainly controlled by the renal and respiratory systems.  The renal system excretes bicarbonate in the urine, while the respiratory system “blows off” carbon dioxide as needed.   By balancing these two systems as needed, blood pH is maintained in such a narrow range.

When carbon dioxide is removed by the lungs, which of the following describes an accurate change in the system?

Among the most important pH buffer systems in humans is the bicarbonate buffer, which keeps the blood at a remarkably precise 7.42 pH.  The bicarbonate buffer system uses a series of important compounds and enzymes to make the system function.  Figure 1 depicts the key reactions that take place.

The activity of this buffer system is mainly controlled by the renal and respiratory systems.  The renal system excretes bicarbonate in the urine, while the respiratory system “blows off” carbon dioxide as needed.   By balancing these two systems as needed, blood pH is maintained in such a narrow range.

A patient undergoes a procedure in a hospital, and begins to reabsorb large quantities of bicarbonate from the kidneys. In the above reaction __________.

In mammals, what muscles are involved in inhalation?

Which of the following is not one of the four processes that comprise external respiration?

There are two types of alvelolar cells that line the alveolar sacs in the lungs. Type I cells participate in gas exchange. What do type II cells do?

Which of the following may signal a respiratory abnormality?

          I. Low concentration of oxygen in the alveoli

          II. High concentration of carbon dioxide in the alveoli

          III. Contraction of intercostal muscles upon inhalation

The brain is a very delicate structure with little room to move around. Surrounding the brain and the spinal cord are three protective layers in addition to the skull and the vertebral column. Directly surrounding the brain and spinal cord is the pia mater. Following the pia mater is the arachnoid mater. Between the pia mater and the arachnoid mater is the sub-arachnoid space where the cerebrospinal fluid circulates. Finally, the protective layer is the dura mater is loosely attached to the arachnoid mater but is strongly associated with the skull bone.

Depending on the type of injury, a certain type of vein and/or artery are more susceptible to injury. For example, the meningeal artery and vein run through the foramen spinosum and travel between the two layers making up the dura mater. As the artery and the vein are traveling in between the dura mater, there is a vulnerable region at the temple. A strike to the temple region could rupture these vessels and result in a epidural hematoma. 

Traveling from the cerebral cortex to the venous dural sinus (located at certain regions between the two layers of the dura mater) is the cerebral vein. When an injury results in the dura mater shifting away from the arachnoid mater, the cerebral vein could rupture and lead to a subdural hematoma.

When the drainage system is compromised such as during an epidural hematoma, waste product in the blood concentrates. One of the waste products is carbon dioxide. What happens to the blood when the carbon dioxide is not properly removed?