All MCAT Physical Resources
Example Questions
Example Question #1 : Electrolytic Cells
In an electrolytic cell, oxidation takes place at the __________.
cathode
Oxidation does not take place in an electrolytic cell.
anode
salt bridge
anode
Electrolytic cells have a negative electromotive force and require an outside energy source to power a non-spontaneous reaction. Galvanic cells, in contrast, have positive potentials and facilitate spontaneous reactions without the need of a power source.
Regardless of cell type, however, oxidation always takes place at the anode and reduction always takes place at the cathode. The flow of electrons is always from the anode to cathode.
Example Question #1 : Electrochemistry
A student conducts an experiment for a chemistry class. The student wishes to explore power generation from different types of voltaic cells. He sets up three different cells, and then compares the amount of energy generated from each one.
One of his cells is shown below as an example. Both remaining cells follow the same layout.
How would the voltaic cell depicted above differ from an electrolytic cell?
An voltaic cell requires energy input to begin the reduction process
An electrolytic cell produces more energy, but only after an input of energy to begin the process
An electrolytic cell requires energy input
An electrolytic cell produces more energy
An electrolytic cell produces energy based on differences in concentrations between the half cells
An electrolytic cell requires energy input
Electrolytic cells require an input of energy, and are used to plate metals by functionally running a voltaic cell in reverse.
Example Question #2 : Electrochemistry
Which of the following is not true of electrolytic cells?
Oxidation occurs at the anode
The cell potential is negative
No battery is required for electrolysis to take place
Electricity is conducted by the motion of ions
Electrons travel toward the cathode
No battery is required for electrolysis to take place
For electrolytic cells, the cell potential is negative; in contrast, galvanic/voltaic cells have positive cell potentials. Electrolysis reactions can only occur if the total potential is positive. An additional voltage input, such as a battery, is required so that the sum of potentials in the electrolytic cell is greater than zero.
Oxidation always occurs at the anode, regardless of cell type, and electrons always travel toward the site of reduction (the cathode). In a galvanic cell, the cathode is positively charged, naturally drawing the flow of electrons. In an electrolytic cell, the cathode is negatively charged, but still requires the flow of electrons to allow reduction to occur. An induced current from a battery is used to propel these electrons against their natural flow.
Example Question #1 : Electrochemistry
Which of the following is true about electrolysis?
I. It only involves reactions with
II. It requires a voltage source
III. It is an exothermic process
II only
I only
II and III
I and II
II only
Electrolysis is a specific type of reaction that occurs in an electrolytic cell. An electrochemical cell contains an anode and a cathode that facilitate a redox reaction. In an electrolytic cell (a type of electrochemical cell) the redox reaction that is carried out is a nonspontaneous reaction. Recall that the change in Gibbs free energy for a nonspontaneous, or unfavorable, reaction is always positive; therefore, for electrolysis in an electrolytic cell, the redox reaction has a . Statement I is false.
Nonspontaneous reactions are reactions that are unfavorable. This means that energy is required to carry out the reaction. In an electrolytic cell, energy is provided in the form of voltage input. The voltage provided pushes the reaction in the unfavorable direction; therefore, electrolysis reactions require a voltage source. Statement II is true.
Since it requires energy, an electrolysis reaction is considered to be an endothermic process. Recall that endothermic processes are reactions that take in (or require) energy, whereas exothermic processes are reactions that release energy; therefore, electrolysis is an endothermic process. Statement III is false.
Example Question #5 : Electrochemistry
Consider the following reaction:
How much voltage will you have to apply to carry out this reaction?
Less than
No voltage needs to be applied because this reaction represents a galvanic cell
Greater than
No voltage needs to be applied because this reaction represents an electrolytic cell
Greater than
The question states that the reaction has a negative ; therefore, the reaction is nonspontaneous. Nonspontaneous reactions are carried out in electrolytic cells (as opposed to galvanic cells). A reaction usually proceeds in the spontaneous direction; therefore, to carry out nonspontaneous reactions you must put energy into the system. Without energy, the reaction shown will occur in the reverse direction.
In an electrolytic cell, energy is provided by an external voltage source. Without energy, the electrolytic cell will have a voltage of and the spontaneous (reverse) reaction will occur. For the nonspontaneous reaction to occur, you must attach a voltage source in such a way that the voltage applied is greater than and is applied in the opposite direction (nonspontaneous reaction direction). This will force the reaction in the reverse direction and the nonspontaneous reaction will occur; therefore, the external voltage source must provide a voltage greater than .
Example Question #2 : Electrochemistry
A student conducts an experiment for a chemistry class. The student wishes to explore power generation from different types of voltaic cells. He sets up three different cells, and then compares the amount of energy generated from each one.
One of his cells is shown below as an example. Both remaining cells follow the same layout.
Instead of silver, a scientist uses a strip of zinc in the opposite half cell from copper. Which of the following is true when comparing this new cell to the cell in the diagram?
The reduction potential of is 0.34 volts. The reduction potential for is -0.76 volts.
Energy can be produced in both cells
The cathode is the same in both cells
Ions are no longer generated in the new cell
The direction of electron flow is the same in both cells
The direction of ion migration in the salt bridge is the same in both cells
Energy can be produced in both cells
In the new cell, energy can still be produced, but because zinc ions have a lower reduction potential than copper ions, the copper will be reduced and the direction of electron flow will be reversed, as compared to the cell with silver in which copper was oxidized.
Example Question #1 : Half Reactions And Reduction Potential
A student conducts an experiment for a chemistry class. The student wishes to explore power generation from different types of voltaic cells. He sets up three different cells, and then compares the amount of energy generated from each one.
One of his cells is shown below as an example. Both remaining cells follow the same layout.
If there is a net production of copper ions in the half cell on the left as the reaction proceeds, which of the following must be true?
Silver is oxidized in the reaction
Copper is reduced in the reaction
Silver has a more positive reduction potential than copper
Copper has a more positive reduction potential than silver
There is no net electron flow
Silver has a more positive reduction potential than copper
If copper ions are generated as the voltaic cell functions, then the copper is being oxidized, and the silver must be reduced. Reduction and oxidation always occur together in a coupled reaction. This must also mean that the reduction potential for Ag is higher than the reduction potential for Cu.
Example Question #4 : Electrochemistry
A student conducts an experiment for a chemistry class. The student wishes to explore power generation from different types of voltaic cells. He sets up three different cells, and then compares the amount of energy generated from each one.
One of his cells is shown below as an example. Both remaining cells follow the same layout.
As the difference in the reduction potentials between two half cells increases, what happens to the Gibbs free energy of the reaction?
It will increase or decrease, depending on the species involved
It becomes more negative
It only changes with changes in temperature or pressure, and is independent of the chemical species involved
It becomes more positive
It does not change, as thermodynamics is independent of reduction potential
It becomes more negative
The reduction potential of a cell is directly related to the Gibbs free energy by the equation below.
As the reduction potential of a cell becomes more and more positive, the Gibbs free energy value becomes more and more negative.
Example Question #5 : Electrochemistry
Imagine a galvanic cell which uses solid zinc and aqueous iron ions to produce a voltage.
What is the standard state cell potential for this reaction?
Keep in mind that a galvanic cell will always have a positive voltage, so you can disregard the negative options. The half reactions show the voltage that will result if the element in question is reduced; however, an oxidation-reduction reaction will always have one element oxidized and another element reduced. In the equation shown, solid zinc (Zn) is oxidized, so the voltage of its half reaction is inverted to +0.76V. Next, you add the voltage of iron's reduction, resulting in the overall voltage of the galvanic cell.
Example Question #1 : Half Reactions And Reduction Potential
Imagine a galvanic cell which uses solid zinc and aqueous iron ions to produce a voltage.
Suppose that this galvanic cell was converted into an electrolytic cell. Which of the following statements would be true?
No electrons would flow from anode to cathode
The cell potential would be negative
Oxidation would take place at the cathode
The reaction is spontaneous
The cell potential would be negative
An electrolytic cell is best thought of as a cell that requires an external power source in order to work. The reaction will go in the opposite direction of a galvanic cell, meaning that the cell potential will also be inversed and the reaction will be non-spontaneous. As a result, cell potential would be negative in an electrolytic cell.
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