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Example Question #33 : Other General Biology
What percentage of resting cardiac output is filtering through the kidneys at any given moment?
5-10%
10-15%
20-25%
15-20%
20-25%
The kidneys receive more blood flow than any single organ, after the liver. 20-25% of the cardiac output of the heart goes to the kidneys for filtration (the liver receives closer to 28%). This is especially significant considering that the kidneys account for approximately 0.5% of total body weight (while the liver makes up closer to 3% of total body weight).
Example Question #2 : Excretory Physiology
What is the main functional unit of the kidney?
The glomerulus
The loop of Henle
The Bowman's capsule
The nephron
The nephron
The basic functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. The nephron is composed of the glomerulus, which is encased in the Bowman's capsule, the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule.
Example Question #341 : Nclex
99% of glucose and amino acids are resorbed in what part of the nephron?
The proximal tubule
The distal tubule
The loop of Henle
The glomerulus
The proximal tubule
99% of glucose and amino acids are resorbed by the proximal tubule of the nephron. The loop of Henle and the distal tubule primarily resorb electrolytes and water, while the glomerulus is strictly for filtration and does not resorb solutes.
Example Question #34 : Other General Biology
A nurse notes an elevated plasma creatinine in a patient with mild kidney impairment. How will this generally be reflected in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
The GFR will not change
The GFR will be decreased
The GFR will rise, then decrease
The GFR will be elevated
The GFR will be decreased
The GFR represents the rate at which blood is filtered through the glomeruli of the kidneys. Creatinine is a waste product of muscle metabolism. Healthy glomeruli are capable of filtering creatinine very effectively, wherein creatinine is excreted in the urine. Generally an elevated serum creatinine will be accompanied by a decreased glomerular filtration rate and is strongly predictive of kidney dysfunction.
Example Question #342 : Nclex
A nurse is performing a urine dip on a patient with edema. The dip stick shows 1+ protein. The patient is not sure if this is a normal finding or not. How should they be counseled?
Any urinary protein under 2+ is considered normal
Any urinary protein under 3+ is considered normal
Protein in the urine is a healthy sign of proper excretion
No amount of protein in the urine is normal
No amount of protein in the urine is normal
No amount of protein in the urine is considered normal. The capillaries of the glomerulus are covered in a thin layer of cells called podocytes. These podocytes form a very tight filtration system that, when healthy, prevent all large molecules such as proteins from passing out of the glomerulus and into the Bowman's capsule, while allowing the passage of water, electrolytes, and smaller molecules such as glucose and amino acids.
Example Question #343 : Nclex
What effect does aldosterone have on sodium, water, and potassium in the kidney?
Aldosterone increases sodium and water resorption and decreases potassium excretion in the kidney
Aldosterone decreases sodium and water resorption and increases potassium excretion in the kidney
Aldosterone increases sodium and water resorption and increases potassium excretion in the kidney
Aldosterone decreases sodium and water resorption and increases potassium excretion in the kidney
Aldosterone increases sodium and water resorption and increases potassium excretion in the kidney
Aldosterone is a mineralcorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to aldosterone II. An rise in plasma angiotensin levels will effect an elevation in blood volume (and hence blood pressure) by increasing the resorption of sodium and water in the kidney and increasing renal excretion of potassium.
Example Question #1 : Excretory Physiology
How much urine is produced by the average adult in 24 hours?
1000-2000ml per day
500-1000ml per day
250-500ml per day
1500-3000ml per day
1000-2000ml per day
While normal function is possible with a urinary output as little as 500ml/day, normal urinary output is between 1000-2000ml per day, with 1200ml being average with adequate fluid intake.
Example Question #344 : Nclex
The absorption of nutrients and electrolytes from food occurs primarily in what digestive organ?
The small intestine
The liver
The large intestine
The stomach
The small intestine
The majority of nutrients and electrolytes from food are absorbed n the small intestine. The remaining material passes into the large intestine for further transformation into stool. The liver and stomach are important sites of digestion and metabolism but are not the primary site of nutrient and electrolyte absorption.
Example Question #345 : Nclex
Which of the following is the main function of the large intestine?
Housing of intestinal flora colonies
Passage of stool toward the rectum
All of these are correct
Resorption of water from stool
All of these are correct
The large intestine serves multiple functions. Large amounts of water are resorbed from stool via aquaporins in the large intestine mucosa, and the remaining matter is passed via a series of slow waves toward the rectum for excretion. In addition the large intestine houses trillions of both beneficial and pathogenic intestinal bacteria and fungi.
Example Question #351 : Nclex
What is the name of the dilated portion of the rectum where stool is stored for elimination via the anus?
The haustra coli
The sigmoid colon
The anal canal
The rectal ampulla
The rectal ampulla
Stool that has passed through the large intestine is stored in the rectal ampulla, a dilated portion of the rectum inferior to the sigmoid colon and superior to the anal canal. From there it can be passed into the anal canal and excreted via the anus. The haustra coli are segments or pouches formed along the length of the small intestine, demarcated by the smooth muscle of the taenia coli.
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