Prolactinomas (prolactin-secreting) make up 30% of functional pituitary adenomas. The second most common type are somatotrophic (growth hormone-secreting) adenomas, which make up 15%, followed by gonadotrophic (gonadotrophin-releasing) adenomas, which make up 10% of reported cases. Null cell adenomas are non functional (they do not secrete hormones).

A cardiac workup on a patient with hyperthyroidism will often reveal high cardiac output, tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, a prominent (fourth heart sound) S4, and flow murmurs. This condition is not associated with low cardiac output and while it may be seen with murmurs it is not specifically associated with atrial stenosis.

A hemoglobin A1c level of 6.5% or greater is considered diagnostic of type II diabetes. A HgA1c level of less than 6.5% does not exclude a diagnosis of diabetes, however, and should be looked at alongside fasting blood glucose and oral glucose tolerance testing.

Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. Graves disease is an autoimmune condition in which antibody is produced against the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor, which binds to receptors, resulting in continuous stimulation of the gland to synthesize and secrete excess quantities of the thyroid hormones T4 and T3. Thyroid storm and toxic nodular goiter are less common causes of elevated thyroid hormone levels. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. 

The most common manifestation of primary hyperparathyroidism is elevated serum calcium. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) activates osteoclasts, which mobilize calcium and phosphate from bone. PTH also increases renal tubular absorption of calcium and inhibits the reabsorption of phosphate, resulting in elevated blood calcium levels while maintaining normal phosphate levels. High PTH has no significant direct effect on potassium levels.

Painful muscle cramps and tremors are associated with low calcium levels which is indicative of hypoparathyroidism. All the other choices are associated with high calcium levels and therefore are symptoms associated with hyperparathyroidism.

The acidic pH is what is most consistent with the diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). A pH of less than 7.30 is what is seen in DKA. The blood glucose will be elevated but the nurse may also see a similar elevation in hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome as well. The serum bicarbonte will be low and the serum osmolality would be elevated, yet both findings are not specific for DKA. Elevated BUN (blood urea nitrogen) is not specific for DKA as well. 

A patient status-post surgery is often unable to eat due to nausea. A diabetic patient is likely to be suffering from hypoglycemia because of this; confusion, disorientation, and shakiness are common manifestations of hypoglycemia as well. Hyperglycemia may present with blurry vision, frequent urination, headaches, and fatigue. Diabetic ketoacidosis can manifest with thirst, frequent urination, weakness, and fruity-scented breath and occurs in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) type 1. Diabetic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome may also present with the same symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis but occurs in patients with DM type 2. Insulin resistance syndrome (also known as metabolic syndrome or prediabetes) usually does not present with manifestations, but people with severe insulin resistance syndrome may present with dark patches of skin on the back of the neck, elbows, knees, and/or armpits.

This patient's constellation of symptoms is most consistent with hypothyroidism. 

In hypothyroidism, which may occur for a handful of reasons, the patient typically does not produce significant levels of thyroid hormone (T3/T4), and therefore, a variety of functions that are modulated by thyroid hormone are impaired. Common symptoms associated with hypothyroidism are weight gain, lethargy, hair loss/brittle hair, dry skin, constipation, depression, cold sensitivity, bradycardia, and brittle nails, among other symptoms. On exam, the patient's thyroid may feel enlarged. Characteristic lab findings would be an elevated TSH level with low or low/normal T3/T4 levels. 

The other choices are incorrect for the following reasons:

1) Hyperthyroidism would be characterized by opposite symptoms from those seen in this patients. Patients with hyperthyroidism would be tachycardic, anxious, have poor heat tolerance, diaphoretic, may have diarrhea, and weight loss among, other symptoms. 

2) Thyroid storm is a severe, life-threatening condition that is essentially an acute, severe manifestation of excess levels of thyroid hormone (also known as thyrotoxicosis), and presents with very pronounced, severe signs of hyperthyroidism.

3) Diabetic ketoacidosis is almost exclusively seen in patients with diabetes (which is not noted in this patient) and often presents with diffuse abdominal pain, rapid shallow breathing, altered mental status, and a fruity odor on the breath.

4) Diabetes insipidus would present with increased frequency of urination of dilute urine, fatigue, enuresis, dehydration, and/or electrolyte abnormalities. 

The most likely diagnosis in this patient is Graves' Disease, which is a form of hyperthyroidism. 

Graves' Disease is an autoimmune condition in which the patient produces autoantibodies to the thyrotropin receptor, which overstimulates the release of T4 and T3, resulting in hyperthyroidism and its associated clinical manifestations (anxiety, palpitations, weight loss, diaphoresis, diarrhea, tremors, etc...). Further, in Graves' Disease, patients may have exophthalmos and/or lid lag, which are findings that are more specific to Graves' Disease than other causes of hyperthyroidism. This patient's constellation of symptoms is highly consistent with Graves' Disease. 

Hypothyroidism is not correct, as this patient is experiencing symptoms opposite those of hypothyroidism. In hypothyroidism, one would expect the patient to feel lethargic, weak, experience weight gain, dry skin, constipation, and potentially have depression.

Diabetes insipidus would present with increased frequency of urination of dilute urine, fatigue, enuresis, dehydration, and/or electrolyte abnormalities. 

Diabetes mellitus would not likely present in this manner. Patients are often asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis, and it would be discovered by elevated glucose or HbA1c readings on routine laboratory work. Occasionally, increased urinary frequency and dehydration, or more severe manifestations like hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma (HHNK) or diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) would be a presenting scenario. 

A glucagonoma would present with necrolytic migratory erythema, most commonly, as well as severely elevated glucose concentrations.