The United States did not exist in the 15th century, so that would not be a good choice. China was ruled by the Ming dynasty for this period and did not experience civil war, so that would not be the best choice. France and Spain did not have a civil war that was known by this name, so they too would not be good answers. Lastly, the War of the Roses was a war of succession over the English throne, so that would be the best answer here.

The Articles of Confederation convened the first government of the future United States, so it would not be the best answer. The Constitution convened the current government of the United States, so that would also not be a good answer to the question. The Upanishads are a religious text from Hinduism, so that would not be a good choice here. Last, the Magna Carta was created in the 13th century and established a constitutional monarchy in England, so that would be the best choice.

The Hundred Years' War was primarily fought in what would later be known as France, although some battles were waged in the Netherlands, Spain, and England. The Norman invasion of England had resulted in generations of land claims between England and northern France. England and France would fight historic battles, including Crecy, Agincourt, and Poitiers, over control of French territory. Truces resulted in England eventually losing ownership of lands in France, while the French countryside was devastated by mercenaries, economic hardship, disease, and starvation.

Henry VIII, known for his many wives (and there mostly tragic ends), was the person most responsible for England's break with Catholicism. Frustrated by the Pope's unwillingness to grant him a divorce, Henry decided to take matters into his own hands and declared himself head of the Church of England. This led to some unrest in his realm, but Henry's decision marked the end of Catholic monarchs in England (with the exception of his daughter, Mary). 

Signed by King John in 1215, the Magna Carta came on the heels of tension between the king and his barons. The document was meant to relieve the tension; however, King John did not abide by his word, leading to rebellion. Eventually, English kings started signing versions of the Magna Carta whenever they ascended to the throne as a gesture of goodwill towards the nobility.

Joan of Arc was born a peasant in France during Hundred Years' War. As a teenager, she claimed to have received visions of angels and saints, who told her to support the deposed French king Charles VII. Charles sent her to help relieve the Siege of Orleans in 1429, and, when the siege ended less than two weeks later, Joan became a hero. She would play a role in the conflict until her capture in subsequent execution in 1431. 

While all of the answers are points in the European Middle Ages, the general period began when the Western Roman Empire finally declined. This made way for many new peoples to migrate into the empire's former territory, and for new ways of life to develop. 

The Frankish Carolingian Dynasty established its empire across much of Europe, but its reign did not last long. Internal conflicts, as well as external threats, caused the empire to decline rapidly. The other answers are incorrect because they either refer to famous names/dynasties from the Middle Ages (Tudor, Merovingian) or to other greater empires from the period (Byzantine, Ottoman)

Up to the 1300s there was a power struggle between the papacy and other rulers of Europe, especially with King Philip IV of France. Due to the success of previous crusades, the Pope emerged as not just a religious but also a political leader in Europe which angered other kings. When Clement V, a frenchman, was elected Pope in 1305, he refused to move to Rome and instead set up the papacy in Avignon, France. During the schism, all seven of the elected popes were French. The schism finally ended when Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome in 1377. 

The Black Death peaked in Europe between 1346-1353 but had lasting effects on European society for centuries thereafter. It killed between an estimated 75-200 million people, at least 1/3 of the entire European population at the time. The plague is believed to have originated from Central Asia and carried to Europe through rats on trade ships to the east. It led to extreme social and political upheaval throughout all of Europe as well as renewed religious piety and persecutions.