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Example Questions
Example Question #2 : Hormone Physiology
Which of the following allows peptide hormones to initiate their effect on target cells?
They attach to carrier proteins in the bloodstream
They attach to receptors in the cytosol
They attach to the DNA in the nucleus
They attach to membrane receptors on the target cell
They attach to membrane receptors on the target cell
Peptide hormones are large polar hormones that are able to freely float in the bloodstream. Once they reach their target cells, peptide hormones attach to transmembrane receptors on the target cell. This generally initiates a second messenger signal cascade to amplify the response, eventually driving a change in genetic expression and transcription.
In contrast, steroid hormones are small and nonpolar. These characteristics allow them to freely diffuse across the plasma membrane of the cell and enter the nucleus, where they can directly act as transcription factors to regulate genetic expression.
Example Question #1 : Systems Physiology
Hypersecretion of the growth hormone during adulthood results in which of the following?
Gigantism, where the individual develops normal body and facial proportions in relation to his or her size
Gigantism, where the individual develops abnormal body and facial proportions in relation to his or her size
Dwarfism, where the individual develops normal body and facial proportions in relation to his or her size
Acromegaly, where the individual develops abnormal body and facial proportions in relation to his or her size
Acromegaly, where the individual develops normal body and facial proportions in relation to his or her size
Acromegaly, where the individual develops abnormal body and facial proportions in relation to his or her size
Hypersecretion, or oversecretion, of the growth hormone in adulthood results in a condition called acromegaly. The adult individual no longer has growth plates at this point, so the excess hormones interact with the receptors on the surface of bones. This results in coarse facial features, thickening of the dermis, and large hands and feet.
Gigantism is also a result from hypersecretion of the growth hormone, but it occurs during childhood when the individual still has his or her growth plates. Dwarfism is a result from hyposecretion, or undersecretion, of the growth hormone.
Example Question #1 : Endocrine And Reproductive Physiology
What is the primary target for gastrin?
Gastrointestinal tract and pancreas
Kidneys
Bone
Gonads
Gastrointestinal tract and pancreas
Gastrin is a hormone secreted by the stomach and small intestine that acts on the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. Many hormones, such as vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) and aldosterone act on the kidneys. Hormones that target bone are calcitonin and parathyroid hormone. Hormones that target gonads include follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.
Example Question #10 : Systems Physiology
What hormone does the heart secrete?
Thymosin
Oxytocin
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Androgens
Atrial natriuretic peptide
The heart secretes atrial natriuretic peptide, which acts on the kidneys. Oxytocin is secreted by the posterior pituitary. Thymosin is secreted by the thymus gland. Androgens are secreted by the adrenal cortex.
Example Question #1 : Help With Hormone Origins And Targets
What hormones, secreted by the adrenal medulla, facilitate the fight or flight response?
Estrogen and progesterone
Gastrin and secretin
Triiodothyronine and thyroxine
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
The adrenal medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine, which cause the fight or flight response. The thyroid gland produces triiodothryonine and thyroxine, which are used for metabolism, growth, and development. The ovaries and placenta produce estrogen and progesterone, which are used for fetal/maternal development and egg production. Lastly, the stomach and small intestines produce gastrin and secretin, which are used to assist digestion and nutrient absorption.
Example Question #12 : Systems Physiology
What hormones do adipose tissue secrete?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Thymosin and thymopoietin
Estrogen and progesterone
Leptin, adiponectin, and resistin
Leptin, adiponectin, and resistin
Adipose tissue secretes leptin, adiponectin, and resistin which affect food intake, metabolism, and reproduction. The thymus gland is responsible for secreting thymosin and thymopietin. Ovaries and the placenta secrete estrogen and progesterone. The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Example Question #13 : Systems Physiology
What are the functions of the hormones secreted by the alpha and beta cells of the pancreas?
Egg or sperm production
Release or inhibit pituitary hormones
Regulates plasma calcium and phosphate levels
Metabolize glucose and other nutrients
Metabolize glucose and other nutrients
The hormones secreted by the alpha and beta cells of the pancreas are glucagon and insulin, respectively. These hormones are associated with the metabolism glucose. Glucagon increases blood glucose levels, while insulin does the opposite. Follicle-stimulating hormone is responsible for egg or sperm development. Tropic hormones from the hypothalamus are what release or inhibit pituitary hormones. Lastly, thymosin and thymopoietin are what regulate blood calcium and phosphate levels.
Example Question #2 : Help With Hormone Origins And Targets
What hormone, released by the liver, increases blood pressure?
Oxytocin
Angiotensinogen
Vitamin D3
Cortisol
Angiotensinogen
The liver secretes angiotensinogen and insulin-like growth factors. Only angiotensinogen is responsible for increasing blood pressure by acting on blood vessels. Cortisol is released by the adrenal cortex, oxytocin is released by the posterior pituitary, and vitamin D3 is found being activated in the skin. Angiotensinogen is a zymogen that is converted into angiotensin I by renin (secreted by the kidney). Then angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II, which is a potent vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin II also promotes the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, which increases sodium reabsorption. Lastly, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released from the posterior pituitary to act on the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct to increase the permeability of water via upregulation of aquaporins. Together, these hormones act to increase blood pressure.
Example Question #5 : Help With Hormone Origins And Targets
Which of the following hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?
Insulin
Erythropoietin
Epinephrine
Androgens
Androgens
The adrenal cortex secretes androgens, cortisol, and aldosterone. The adrenal medulla is what secretes epinephrine. The kidney secretes erythropoietin. Lastly, the pancreas is what secretes insulin.
Example Question #14 : Systems Physiology
The secretion of hormones of the anterior pituitary are stimulated or inhibited by hormones secreted from the __________.
Posterior pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Hypothalamus
Adrenal medulla
Hypothalamus
The secretion of hormones of the anterior pituitary is stimulated or inhibited by releasing and/or inhibiting factors released from the hypothalamus into the hypophyseal portal system.
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